Wind-pollinated flowers

Fragrance (as well as colorful visual display) would be superfluous in autogamous and wind-pollinated flowers, and, because of its metabolic costs, should be lost entirely. 

Wind-pollinated, flowering plants are called Anemophilous) their pollen is dry and powdery, flowers inconspicuous and inodorous, as in the Pines, Wheat, Walnut, Hop, etc. 

I. Order Piperales.—Piperacem or Pepper Family.— A family of aromatic herbs and shrubs with jointed stems, opposite,verticillate, or sometimes alternate leaves without stipules, and spiked inconspicuous, wind-pollinated flowers. The characteristic fruit is a berry... 

Pollen allelopathy can find utilization in field cultivations that could contain pollen of allelopathic crops or weeds. Pollen allelopathy could be an effective method for annual weed control that reproduce, at least in part, via wind pollination and flower concurrently with the allelopathic species. The effects of allelopathy should result in the loss of genetic variation and so in reduction of reproductive ability, but some plants are probably able to detoxify the pollen allelochemicals (Murphy and Aarssen 1995a, b). Murphy and Aarssen (1989) suggested possible delaying of weed flowering at later, less favorable times of the season or diurnal period, so decrease in weed pressure. However, infestation by perennial weeds can worsen due to compensation of pollen allelopathy through increase in the formation of rhizomes. 

These standards can be met by adding male sterility traits to control pollen flow to avoid outcrossing. Some plant species that have enclosed flower structures would represent good candidates. A crop like corn, which is a wind-pollinated crop, can have tassels removed manually, and sterile varieties can be made to contain the pollen (Shama and Peterson, 2004). 

The inflorescence is an erect panicle foliated to the tip. The flowers consist of narrow, red, pink, or whitish yellow petals, which are curved and located far back in the mature flowers to facilitate wind pollination. The fruit is red-brown to brown, and oval. It is angular, about 10.2 to 7.8 mm wide and usually has scarious wings. The nutlet is 6 to 10 mm long and 7 mm in diameter. 

Maples are characterized by the shape of their leaves, which in most species are broadly palmate with a three- or five-lobed outline, and are arranged in an opposite fashion on their branches. Maples have seasonally deciduous foliage, which is shed in the autumn. The leaves of many species of maples develop beautiful yellow, orange, or red colors in the autumn, prior to shedding for the winter. Maple flowers appear early in the springtime, and consist of non-showy, rather inconspicuous inflorescences. The flowers of some species produce nectar and are insect-pollinated, while other species shed their pollen into the air and are wind-pollinated. Maples have distinctive, winged seeds known as samaras, which are arrar ed in opposite pairs. 

Wind is the main pollinating agent. In fact, most of the forest trees, almost all grasses and grains, with the exception of some that are completely self-pollinated, and many weeds are wind-poUinated. The flowers of most wind-pollinated plants are either male or female. The male flowers produce an abundance of pollen to be transported by the wind. The female flowers usually have large stigmatic areas to receive the pollen [11]. 

Early winter flowering of entomophilous plants is abnormal in most cases, whereas it may be productive for wind-pollinated plants, for example, representatives of Corylus L., in particular in the years with mild winters and/or in the regions with meteorological conditions similar to subtropical ones. 

Maize is a tall annual grass plant with a strong, solid stem canying large narrow leaves. The male flowers are produced on a tassel at the top of the plant, and the female some distance away on one or more spikes in the axils of the leaves. This separation simplifles the production of hybrid seed. After wind pollination of the filament-like styles (silks), the grain develops in rows on the female spike (cob) to produce the maize ear in its surrounding husk leaves. 

Hadena moths use Silene flowers (Caryophyllaceae) as both nectar sources and as host plants for depositing larvae. The floral scent of Silene latifolia is characterized by the presence of several fatty acid derivatives, benzenoids, and monoterpenoids, while the most abundant compounds are the lilac aldehyde isomers ((2 S, 2 S, 5 S), (2R, 2 S, 5 V), (2S, 2 R, 5 S), and (2R, 2 R, 5 S )) (23), veratrole, and benzyl acetate.93 However, several chemotypes of these dominant components are found in S. latifolia, suggesting variability in attracting pollinators. Wind tunnel experiments have revealed that Hadena bicruris is strongly attracted by lilac aldehyde isomers although the moths respond electrophysiologically to all eight stereoisomers of lilac aldehyde, only four are present in the floral scent.94... 

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