Flow injection with inductively coupled plasma

Flow Injection with Inductively Coupled Plasma... 

M.J. Bloxham, S.J. Hill, and P.J. Worsfold. Determination of trace metals in seawater and the on-line removal of matrix interferences by flow injection with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 9 935-941. 1994. 

P. W. Alexander, R. J. Finlayson, L. E. Smythe, and A. Thalib, Rapid Flow Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic-Emission Spectroscopy Using a Micro-Injection Technique. Analyst, 107 (1982) 1335. 

McLeod et al. (1984) described the simultaneous determination of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Li. Cu, Fe and Zn in blood serum by flow-injection analysis - inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (FIA-ICP-OES) using aqueous synthetic multi-element solutions for calibration. With an injected volume of 20 fiL the performane data for copper in an 1 + 1 diluted serum ranged for precision from 1.1% to 2.2% with a detection limit of 0.01 mg/L. 

Y. Israel and R. M. Barnes, Standard Addition Method in Flow Injection Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 56 (1984) 1188. 

K. E. LaFreniere, G. W. Rice, and V. A. Fassel, Flow Injection Analysis with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Critical Comparison of Conventional Pneumatic, Ultrasonic and Direct Injection Nebulization. Spectrochim. Acta Pt. B—At. Spec., 40 (1985) 1495. 

K. E. LaFreniere, Evaluation of a Direct Injection Nebulizer Interface for Flow Injection Analysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopic Detection. Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 47(4) (1986) 1519. 

Figure 1.7 Chromatogram of iodate and iodide in seawater by nonsuppressed 1C with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. The main speoiation of iodine in seawater, iodate (IO3) and iodide (l ), could be determined simultaneously. Conditions column, Agilent G3154A/101 (150 X 4.6 mm inner diameter) column temperature = 20°C injection volume = 10(il mobile phase, 20.0mmol 1 of NH4NO3 at pH 5.6 flow rate = 1.0ml min The ICP-MS conditions flow rate of plasma gas (Ar) = 151 min flow rate of auxiliary gas (Ar) = 1.01- min flow rate of oarrier gas (Ar) = 1.151- min sampling depth = 7.5mm integration time = 1 s dwell time = 0.5s. The 2 1 was seleoted for deteotion by single-ion monitoring mode. Reprinted from Chen etal., (2007) with permission from Elsevier.

J. Yin, Z. Jiang, G. Chang, and B. Hu. Simultaneous on-line preconcentration and determination of trace metals in environmental samples by flow injection combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a nanometer-sized alumina packed micro-column. Analytica Chimica Acta 540 333-339, 2005. 

Benkhedda K., Dimitrova B., Infante H. G., Ivanova E. and Adams F. C. (2003) Simultaneous on-line preconcentration and determination of Pt, Rh and Pd in urine, serum and road dust by flow injection combined with inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 18 1019-1025. 

Pergantis, S. A., Heithmar, E. M., and Hinners,T. A. (1995). Microscale flow injection and microbore high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry via a high-efficiency nebulizer. Anal. Chem. 67(24), 4530. 

Yan, X.-E, Hendry, M. J., and Kerrich, R. (2000). Speciation of dissolved iron(III) and iron(II) in water by on-line coupling of flow injection separation and preconcentration with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, zlnu/. Chem. 72(8), 1879. 

Chen, H. H. and Beauchemin, D. (2001) Determination of trace metals in saline water using flow injection on-line precipitation coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16, 1356-63. 

These workers used an ARC 34000 inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer with flow-injection hydride generation. The 189.04nm line (3nd order) was used for arsenic measurement. The flow-injection block and Buckler peristaltic pump, as described by Liversage et al. [125] were also used for the determination of arsenic by hydride generation. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric analysis with flow-injection/hydride generation... 

The samples purified with lEC were diluted to approximately 100 ppb Cu. These samples were injected into a Multicollector Inductively-Coupled-Plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICPMS, Micromass Isoprobe at the University of Arizona and Neptune at Washington State University) in low resolution mode using a microconcentric nebulizer to increase sensitivity for the samples with lower concentrations of copper. The nebulizer flow was adjusted so that the intensity of the Cu beam remained constant at 2 volts. Both on and off peak blank corrections were applied to the data and yielded the same result. 

For these techniques, a dissolved sample is usually employed in the analysis to form a liquid spray which is delivered to an atomiser e.g. a flame or electrically generated plasma). Concerning optical spectrometry, techniques based on photon absorption, photon emission and fluorescence will be described (Section 1.2), while for mass spectrometry (MS) particular attention will be paid to the use of an inductively coupled plasma (TCP) as the atomisation/ionisation source (Section 1.3). The use of on-line coupled systems to the above liquid analysis techniques such as flow injection manifolds and chromatographic systems will be dealt with in Section 1.4 because they have become commonplace in most laboratories, opening up new opportunities for sample handling and pretreatment and also to obtain element-specific molecular information. 

M. Zougagh, P. C. Rudner, A. Garcia-de-Torres and J. M. Cano-Pavon, Application of Doehlert matrix and factorial designs in the optimisation of experimental variables associated with the on-line preconcentration and determination of zinc by flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15(12), 2000, 1589-1594. 

A direct injection nebuliser (DIN) was used to interface LC with ICP-MS (Shum et al., 1992a). The DIN transferred all of the sample into the inductively coupled plasma. Microscale LC separations in small packed columns were studied because the column flow rates of about 30 ml min 1 were compatible with the DIN. The low dead volume (less than 1 ml) of the interface prevented excessive band broadening. Eluents containing up to 85% methanol were accommodated. The analyte signal varied by about 20% as the eluent changed from 20% to 80% methanol in water. Detection limits for arsenic and tin species using the HPLC-DIN-ICP-MS system were 0.2-0.6 and 8-10pg, respectively. 

N. Ulrich, Determination of antimony species with fluoride as modifier and flow injection hydride generation inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 417 (2000), 201-209. 

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