Flow injection renewable surface

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The borderline between immunoassays performed in the flow injection analysis format and those achieved in the immunochromatographic format is sometimes difficult to establish. Flow injection renewable surface immunoassay (FIRSl) avoids the desorption step of immunochromatographic assays by using a layer of antibody-coated beads held in a jet ring cell instead of the chromatographic column. The coated beads are discarded after each analysis. To ensure assay reproducibility, antibody-coated beads with constant antigen capacity should be obtained [129,130]. 

M.J. Ruedas Rama, A. Ruiz Medina, and A. Molina Diaz. A flow-injection renewable surface sensor for the fluorimetric determination of vanadium(V) with Alizarin Red S. Talanta 66 ... 

The combination of chemical and biological sensors with flow injection has been demonstrated. Both more-traditional-type sensors such as pH electrodes and newer sensors such as fiber optics and surface acoustic wave detectors have been incorporated into FIA systems with success. An advantage that FIA brings to the sensor field is the possibility of turning a moderately selective sensor into a selective sensor by incorporating into the FIA system some type of selectivity enhancement technique such as gas diffusion, dialysis, and reactors. Finally the FIA systems permit renewable systems since sensor surfaces and reaction cells can be washed, surface regenerated, and reagents replenished on demand. 

Due to the very fast ion-exchange equilibrium, such an analysis can be performed either in batch ot even in flow injection mode [147, 182, 183], as in the example reported in Fig. 7.10. This property allows the application of ZMEs in the frame of detectors for ion chromatography. In this case, the renewal of the electrode that includes more or less high quantities of the analyte may consist of a step in which a short stream of the pristine electroactive species is made flow on the electrode surface to restore the initial capacity of the zeolite. The chromatographic carrier reaching the detection zone either contains a size-excluded cation, as happens in Fig. 7.10, or consists of pure water, as in the case of ion chromatography with a suppression device [156, 183]. 

The paper will review past and present efforts to miniaturize flow injection systems, will discuss the principles of sequential injection and its advantages for micromimatunzation New type of detector - the jet ring cell will be introduced and its use in cytoanalysis and for flow injection on renewable surfaces will be demonstrated Merits of novel class of chemical sensors with renewable surfaces will be discussed... 

Flow injection on renewable surfaces techniques (FI-RST [12,13]) are suitable for micro miniaturization, since their key component, the jet ring cell (Fig. 3), has in its present form a circular detection area of 800 microns and a depth of 50 to 1000 microns. This device, originally designed for FI microscopy of live adherent cells [13], has found its application in fluorescence based immunoassays and reflectance based UV-VIS spectroscopy. The sensing layer in the JR cell comprises several thousand 35 micron polymer beads, which serve as reactive surfaces for protein and reagent adsorption. The cell is a part of a sequential injection system, which allows, besides conventional FI operations (sample injection, carrier pumping, reagent addition) also injection of a well... 

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