Flow diagram, counter-current

In this plant each of the nitrators is connected with a separator, into which the liquid from the nitrator overflows and where the nitro compound is separated from the acid. The upper, nitro compound layer then flows to the next nitrator, containing a more concentrated acid, while the lower acid layer passes through a siphon to another nitrator, where less vigorous nitration takes place. Both liquid phases-that of the acid and that of the material being nitrated-flow in counter-current to each other. Figure 85 represents a schematic diagram of a unit for continuous nitration (after MacNab [18]). 

A typical equilibrium diagram is shown on Figure 8. As noted earlier, a counter-current flow scrubber provides the highest efficiency of operation. The respective concentrations and rates, as shown in Figure 9 provide the basis for a material balance across this scrubber design. 

Figure 6-7A. Flow diagram of three-stage ejector wHh counter-current barometric booster condenser and intercondenser. By permission, ingersoll-Rand Co.

A schematic diagram for the enrichment of by gaseous diffusion of UFe through an effusion barrier is shown in Figure 5, which also illustrates the counter-current flow and cascade principles. The limiting separation factor a is given by the kinetic theory of gases... 

Figure 7. Eight-stage counter-current liquid—liquid extraction flow diagram for the extraction of HDBP and H2MBP from NagCOs scrub waste solution actinide = 0.01 M U (VI) T = 23°-26°C.

Figure 9. Five-stage counter-current liquid-liquid extraction flow diagram for the stripping of HDBP and H2MBP from 2-ethyl-l-hexanol (2-EHOH) T = 50°C.

Consider a general-type absorber as diagrammed in Figure 13.6. Gas and liquid flow counter-currently through real or imagined stages. The usual specifications include (a) fraction of absorption of solute in the feed gas, (b) maximnm allowable concentration of solute in the exit gas, and (c) optimal ratio of solvent to feed gas. Based on mass balances,... 

The counter-current heat flow of the streams selected for integration may be represented by means of Composite Curves (CC). Another diagram. Grand Composite Curve (GCC) allows the visualisation of the excess heat between hot and cold streams, against temperature intervals. This feature helps the selection and placement of utilities, as well as the identification of the potential process/process matches. 

Fig. 3.9. Schematic diagram of Higgins continuous ion-exchange contactor, showing mechanism of counter-current solid-liquid flow (Higgins, I. R. U.S.A.E.C. Report TID 7501).

A schematic diagram of the process is shown in Fig. 3.14. In this process, the resin is made to flow almost as liquid down a 4 ft diameter absorption column and up a 13 ft by 2-5 ft elution column. Meanwhile the leach liquor, or in this case the pulp , is pumped up the absorption column counter-current to the resin, and the eluent similarly flows down the elution column. Under suitable conditions, the ore particles remain with the barren liquor and can be pumped away from the plant with it. 

A schematic diagram of a 1-2 S T exchanger is shown in Figure 15.12. It can be seen that the basic flow patterns of the shell and tube fluids are not countercurrent. Indeed, the flow patterns of the two fluids are very complicated. However, for 1-2 S T exchangers a reasonable assunption is that the shell-side fluid flows cocurrently with the tube-side fluid in one direction and counter-currently in the other direction. Using this idealized model of the fluid flow, an analytical expression may be conputed for the F factor... 

There are two types of extraction processes, namely, leaching where solids are extracted and liquid-liquid extraction. The commonly used leaching equipment is the extraction battery where counter current flow is established resulting in a number of extracting stages. This can be modeled as equilibrium process. The McCabe-Thiele procedure can be used to model this process. In liquid-liquid extraction, ternary diagrams and tie lines are used to determine the extent of extraction. Batch extractive distillation is a commonly used extractive method for liquid-liquid extraction. 

In order to improve the performance of the absorption chiller, a counter-current heat recovery exchanger is used (see T-Q diagram presented in Fig. 5.89 for details), where the rich solution pumped to the boihng pot is warmed up by the lean solution flowing to the absorber. When the water/ammonia mixture exchanges heat with the water it generates very non-linear T-Q charts with the heat transfer equipment. In contrast, T-Q has linear characteristics when the heat exchanger works with the mixture at both sides. 

Fig. 7 shows the block diagram 112-bit PRSR. This shift register includes 112 stages divided into three chunks of 16, 32 and 64 stages together with 6 switches S0-S5. It employs more robust counter-flow design , e.g. the stream of data and clock pulses flow in opposite directions. By applying DC current to different combination of the switches... 

Figure 23.18 Schematic diagram of a Geiger counter. Radiation (a, p, or y rays) entering through the window ionized the argon gas to generate a smaii current flow between the eiectrodes. This current is ampiifled and is used to flash a tight or operate a counter with a ciicking sound.

Figure 17. 16 Schematic diagram for the SECM chamber with controlled humidity, and the electrochemical processes that control the current. The tip was located laterally ca. 1 - 2 mm away from Au counter electrode. For illustration purposes, the thickness of the liquid layer is exaggerated to accommodate equations for various electrochemical processes. V Voltage bias between the tip and Au contact i current flow through the tip. R and Ox represent the reduced and oxidized forms of an electroactive species. and represent cations and anions in the liquid layer and in the mica sheet. Adapted from reference (38).

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