Flame vertical length

Flame vertical length. Ay, is estimated by using the following equafion ... 

The Needle Flame Test is designed to simulate a small flame as might be encountered from a small electrical malfunction in an appliance or a piece of office equipment. The test apparatus consists of a hypodermic needle 35 mm in length with a bore of 0.5 mm and an outer diameter not exceeding 0.9 mm. The hypodermic needle has the tapered end cut off to avoid any interference with the flame. The gas used is butane. With the axis of the burner vertical,... 

Example 8.1 It is found that flame length on a vertical wall can be approximated as... 

The pyrolysis product gas enters the secondary chamber through a burner that is mounted vertically, enabling flow of the product gas into the combustion chamber, ensuring extended flame length. The treated secondary off gas is scrubbed in a shower and ejected into the atmosphere. 

If released under atmospheric conditions the gas will either rise or fall depending on its vapor density and will be directed in the path of the prevailing wind. In the absence of a wind, heavier gases will collect in low points in the terrain. Normally atmospheric gas releases are dispersed within relatively close distances to their point source, usually about 3 meters (10 ft.) (Reference NFPA 30, Table 5-3.5.3). These atmospheric releases, if ignited, will bum relatively close to the source point, normally in a vertical position with flames of short length. 

The effect of wind and tilt on flame geometry has been addressed in the SPFE Handbook (Beyler, 2002). The angle of tilt can be determined from the following equation and used to calculate the vertical and horizontal components of the flame length (see Figure 5-7) ... 

A mirror is placed past the focusing lens to reflect the beam vertically into the flame and parallel to the spectrometer slits. The fluorescence is collected by a 10 cm focal length lens and focused onto the entrance slit of a Spex 1800-11 spectrometer operated in second order. The spectral resolution is 0.1 nm. 

Fabrics Seat upholstery, mattress ticking and covers, curtains, draperies, wall coverings, and window shades8-0-1-11 14 CFR 25 Appendix F, Part I (vertical test) Flame time < 10s bum length < 6 in. ASTM E 662 Ds (4.0) < 200... 

The gas flame is provided by a simple gas lighter. The length of the flame is standardized to 70mm when the lighter is held vertically. If necessary, a stand may be used with the ignition device. 

The flame-test apparatus used at the US BurMines Explosives Experiment Station at Bruceton, Pa consists essentially of a cannon in which an explosive is fired or detonated. The cannon, identical widi that employed for the ballistic pendulum,ia mounts vertically on a concrete foundation located ia a dark building. By means of a photographic camera equipped with auitable devicea to cot off all extraneous light rays, the flame ia continuously obaetved such that its apex is in the field of view. The flame is recorded on a sensitixed film wrapped about a drum that revolves at a predetermined rate of speed. The length of each flame is indicated by its hei t in the photograph, and the duration by the length of photograph... 

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