Fixed liquid

Fizier-fliissigkeit, /. fixing liquid or liquor, -mittel, n. fixing agent, fixative hardening agent, -natron, n. sodium thiosulfate, -salz,... 

Nutter [99] reports that most, if not all structured packing (Figures 9-6LL and 9-6MM) follow the linear relationship of vapor rate vs. pressure drop at fixed liquid rates as exhibited by random packings. 

The kettle unit used in the reboiling service usually has an internal weir to maintain a fixed liquid level and tube coverage. The bottoms draw-off is from the weir section. The reboiling handled in horizontal thermosiphon units omits the disengaging space because the liquid-vapor mixture should enter the distillation tower where disengaging takes place. The chiller often keeps the kettle design but does not use the weir because no liquid bottoms draw off when a refrigerant is vaporized. 

Gas chromatography is a method of separation wherein gaseous or vaporised components are distributed between a moving gas phase and a fixed liquid phase or solid adsorbent. By a continuous succession of adsorption or elution steps, occurring at a specific rate for each component, separation can be achieved. The components can be detected by one of various methods as they emerge successively from the chromatographic column. From the detector signal, proportional to the instantaneous concentration of the dilute component in the gas stream, information about the number, nature and amounts of the components present is obtained. 

A review is presented of techniques for the correlation and prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data in systems consisting of two volatile components and a salt dissolved in the liquid phase, and for the testing of such data for thermodynamic consistency. The complex interactions comprising salt effect in systems which in effect consist of a concentrated electrolyte in a mixed solvent composed of two liquid components, one or both of which may be polar, are discussed. The difficulties inherent in their characterization and quantitative treatment are described. Attempts to correlate, predict, and test data for thermodynamic consistency in such systems are reviewed under the following headings correlation at fixed liquid composition, extension to entire liquid composition range, prediction from pure-component properties, use of correlations based on the Gibbs-Duhem equation, and the recent special binary approach. 

The effect of a given salt on vapor composition in a given system is, of course, a function of the relative proportions of the two volatile components in the liquid as well as of salt concentration, and an equation for correlation of salt effect at other than fixed liquid composition should contain liquid composition as a factor. Hashitani and Hirata (18) reported some success with a purely empirical equation which related the improvement factor of Equation 1 both to salt concentration and to liquid composition. Guyer, Guyer, and Johnsen (19) proposed an empirical relationship between vapor composition change and the concentration... 

The data in Tables I-XVI (see Appendix for all tables) show the isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium results at the boiling point for potassium, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetra-n-propylammonium, and tetra-n-butylammonium bromides in various ethanol-water mixtures at fixed liquid composition ratios. The temperature, t, is the boiling temperature for all solutions in these tables. In all cases, the ethanol-water composition was held constant between 0.20 and 0.35 mole fraction ethanol since it is in this range that the most dramatic salt effects on vapor-liquid equilibrium in this particular system should be observed. That is, previous data (12-15,38) have demonstrated that a maximum displacement of the vapor-liquid equilibrium curve by salts frequently occurs in this region. In the results presented here, it should be noted that Equation 1 has been modified to... 

The lower limit of the elastic range, the glass transition temperature, can be easily determined by refractometric, volumetric, or other well known methods. The upper limit suffers from an exact definition the transition from the fixed liquid to the liquid state occurs without transformation. But as the viscosity decreases exponentially with the temperature it is very convenient to define a 1 flow-temperature by penetrometer measurements. If the rate of temperature rise is kept constant, this temperature is reproducible within 1° or 2°C. The penetrometer indicates a temperature where macroscopically one would call the substance liquid. ... 

Salt Effect in Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium at Fixed Liquid Composition... 

The purpose of the present investigation was to extend the study of Equation 1 at fixed-liquid composition to salts in which the anion, rather than the cation, is organic. For this purpose, the sodium and potassium acetates were chosen, both having very high solubilities in ethanol-water... 

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure are reported for the four systems of the present investigation in Tables I-VI. Salt concentrations are reported as mole fraction salt in the solution, while mixed-solvent compositions are given on a salt-free basis. A single fixed-liquid composition was used for potassium iodide and sodium acetate potassium acetate used three—all chosen from the region of ethanol-water composition where relative volatility is highest. In the... 

The k standard deviation data and R.A.A.D. values listed in Table VIII for the data of the present investigation and certain data from previous studies (3,4) demonstrate clearly that Equation 1 can satisfactorily correlate the salt effects of the inorganic salts tested at fixed-liquid composition in ethanol-water, at all salt concentrations up to saturation. The R.A.A.D. yields a critical evaluation of the applicability... 

The opposite behavior arises for a fixed liquid rate and increasing gas rate. In particular, the number of trains along the path will decrease but their length will increase. For sufficiently high Qg, a single continuous bubble train would arise. 

Figure 14 Effect of temperature on the overall reaction rate at different fixed liquid and gas flow rates and pressures. (From Ref. 41.)...

Fix Liquids.. Product of destruc-Pinus palustris Southern United... 

A binary liquid solution, having mole fraction x of component 1, is in equilibrium with a vapor that has mole fraction v of that component. Show that for this mixture the.effect of a change in temperature on the equilibrium pressure at fixed liquid composition is approximately... 

Flumerfelt and Prieditis (40) performed a similar gas-only injection into a 7-pm2 bead pack. A foam was first generated under conditions of simultaneous injection of gas and surfactant solution at a variety of gas rates but at fixed liquid rates. After steady state was reached, liquid flow was discontinued, and the foam was allowed to decay until continuous gas was produced. It was demonstrated that the permeability of the bead pack to gas at the first appearance of effluent continuous gas was 2 orders of magnitude less than the foam-free case, and that this permeability was independent of gas and initial liquid flow rates. It was concluded that the number of channels available to carry gas was 100 times less in the presence of foam than in the foam-free case. 

More recently, Osterloh and Jante (77) probed a wide range of flow rates and fractional flows for foam in a 6.2-/zm2 sand pack. They distinguished two regimes. At gas fractional flows above 0.94, the pressure gradient was reasonably independent of gas velocity (at fixed liquid velocity) but varied with liquid velocity (at constant gas velocity) to roughly the... 

AI3-11216 Benzophenone, 2-methyl- EINECS 205-032-0 Methanone, (2-methylphenyl)phenyl- 2-Methylbenzophenone 0-Methylbenzophenone NSC 67362 Phenyl o-tolyl ketone. Perfume additive (fixative). Liquid mp <-18° bp = 308°, bpi2 = 128°, bpo.3 = 125-127° d O = 1.1098 Am = 252, 332 nm (e = 15136,151, EtOH) insoluble in H2O, soluble in organic solvents, very soluble in EtOH. Janssen Chimica Spectrum Chem. Manufacturing. 

An acid chloride functionalized liquid crystalline material was tried to bond to the silanol group in silica. The direct reaction does not seem to be successful also, a spacer with a substituted dichlorodimethyl silane is not successful. The reaction scheme is shown in Figure 16.8. However, a separation performance is observed rather by deposition than by bonding of the liquid crystals. The liquid crystalline materials used in this study was based on cholesteric moieties. It is suspected that the reaction failed because of the large size of the cholesteryl group. In another study, dimeth-ylchlorosilane was added to the allyl group of 4-methoxyphenyl-4-allyloxy benzoate. This intermediate could be bonded to silica. Several other routes to fix liquid crystalline moieties on silica have been reviewed. ... 

Figure 16.8 Fixing Liquid Crystalline Moieties on Silica ...

Polymers with fixed liquid crystalline structure — if the polymerization temperature was below the glass ti ansition temperature ( ) of the polymer. These polymers exhibit a liquid crystalline structure in the solid glassy phase because the structure of the ordered monomer phase was "frozen in" by polymerization. By heating the polymer these frozen structures were irreversibly lost above the Tq An additional effect was observed starting from... 

Figure 17.10 Fixing liquid crystalline moieties on silica [88,87].

Figure 22.12 illustrates the common flow patterns for vertical upward flow. The order of the regimes is in terms of increasing gas flow for a fixed liquid flow. 

Leroux N, Keller P, Achard MF, Noirez L, Hardouin F (1993) Small-angle neutron-scattering experiments on side-on fixed liquid-crystal polyacrylates. J Phys 11 3(8) 1289-1296. doi 10.105 l/jp2 1993199... 

---