Fishbone

Use Fishbone diagrams to identify all the process needs. This will draw heavily on the work to identify the PSM and ESH programs and elements and the Quality Management requirements. It will also identify any special expertise, information or equipment needs. Fishboning is described in several of the quality management references given in Chapter 1, and an example is provided in Exhibit 5-4. 

Use process flow modeling. Using removable sticky notes, you can arrange the various requirements identified during the fishboning activity into a process flow model. This model needs to be carefully reviewed to make sure that it consists of the smallest number of steps necessary to deliver the required process. 

Fishbone diagrams to help identify detailed requirements. Most likely to be used during development work within the project team and during consultation within your company. 

Fishbone Diagrams are cause-and-effect diagrams used in quality management to help describe all the activities that can influence the management process and its outcome. These diagrams show the relationship between different activities and how they are grouped around specific types of activity. 

Fig. 15.2 Simplified structures of common quasi-ID carbon nanostructures in perspective and cross sectional view, (a) fishbone CNF, (b) platelet CNF,...

A cause and effect diagram (sometimes known as the Ishikawa"" or the fishbone diagram"") represents the relationships between a given effect and its potential causes. The cause and effect analysis relates the interactions among the factors affecting a process. 

In the 2" step we try to figure out all relevant uncertainty sources that infln-ence the parameters identified in step 1. The figure shows a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram that is helpful to get an overview. 

Identification of uncertainty sources Could be described e.g. by a fishbone diagram... 

Figure 1.3 Fishbone diagram of ADME/Tox process elements. The scale up of the ADME/Tox screening laboratory requires careful consideration of all crucial elements involved in its process. The commonly accepted approach of route cause analysis has been applied to identify potential hurdles that should be reviewed when planning a...

Figure 1.4 Fishbone element Materials in the ADME/Tox process.

Admassu, W. Breese, T. 1999. Feasibility of using natural fishbone apatite as a substitute for hydroxyapatite in remediating aqueous heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 69, 187-196. Allison, J. D., Brown, D. S. Novo-Gradac, K. K. 1990. MINTEQA2/PRODEFA2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems ... 

Figure B19. Cause and Effect Diagram (Ishikawa, Fishbone)...

Cause and effect diagrams, which are produced after group discussions on the problem, or its effect, involve the production of detailed check lists and a structured brainstorming (see Section C, 1.8.3). Following this process the diagram will become very complex and has the appearance of the skeleton of a fish hence they are often called fishbone diagrams. 

In the preparation stage, many of the analytical or problem identification techniques, described in the paragraphs on the continuous improvement aspects of TQM, are very useful. These methods include Ishikawa Fishbone Diagrams, Pareto Charts, and Flow Charts etc. (see Section B, 3.4). 

Figure 53 Main types of the crystalline structure of the carbon nanofilaments produced by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons over transition metal nanoparticles coaxial cylindrical (multilayer nanotube) (A), coaxial conical (fishbone) (B), and pile (C). The nanofilaments are 10 nm in characteristic diameter. The catalyst nanoparticle behaves as a nanofilament seed.

The recent use of the transmission electron microscopy of high resolu tion at the in situ condition at large enough pressure of methane resulted in the direct observation of the metal nanoparticle liquefaction at the cata lytic methane pyrolysis. Thus, the formation of carbon fibers and nano tubes often results from fluidization of the catalyticaUy active phase via its oversaturation with carbon at the catalyst operation. This may happen to a variety of processes when the deposition of graphitized carbon is pre ceded by the primary atomic or another energy saturated carbon species formed on the surface of the catalyticaUy active metals (see Figure 5.2). Supposedly, the formation of the very specific structures of the carbon fil ament, like the so caUed fishbone structure (see Figure 5.3B), may be... 

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