Fishbone arrangement

Fig. 7.1 TEM micrographs showing the microstructural arrangement of the graphene pianes in (A) carbon nanotubes paraiiel to the tube axis and in (B) carbon nanofibers fishbone arrangement aiong the fiber axis. The thin amorphous carbon iayer visuaiized on the topmost iayers of the materiais is attributed to the iow-temperature decomposition of the starting carbon source...

Use process flow modeling. Using removable sticky notes, you can arrange the various requirements identified during the fishboning activity into a process flow model. This model needs to be carefully reviewed to make sure that it consists of the smallest number of steps necessary to deliver the required process. 

It is essential to diseover what the root cause of a problem is and after a team effort brainstorming session, it is helpful to construct a Pareto Chart, where groups of similar data are arranged in order of magnitude (Figure 18.14). This helps to eoncentrate on major problems. The so ealled 80/20 rule suggests that 80% of the problems result from 20% of the eauses. A eause and effects analysis is determined and a Fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram... 

General packing schemes of cyclodextrin molecules in crystalline lattices. Cyclodextrins are seen from the side, the cone-like structure is indicated by wider (02,03 hydroxyls) and narrower (06 hydroxyls) dimensions cavities are marked by hatched areas. (A) Fishbone-type cage, (B) brick-type cage, (C) channel-type arrangement (a head-to-head packing of cyclodextrin molecules is shown). 

If Y-cyclodextrin is crystallized as "empty" molecule from water, it arranges in a fishbone type cage structure similar as observed for a- and (5-cyclodextrins (17). If, however, a small guest like n-propa-nol is added, a channel type structure is formed in which the Y-cyclo-dextrin molecules with eightfold symmetry are stacked along a fourfold symmetry axis and therefore exactly linear channels are produced (18), Fig. 3. 

Two types of carbon nanofibers, i.e. one having a fishbone and the other a parallel arrangement of carbon layers were tested as the supports for Pd-Pt catalysts to be used in HYD of naphthalene to tetralin at 523 K and 6MP of To measure sulfur tolerance, 0.05% of thiophene were added to the feed. The catalyst supported on the carbon nanofibers having a parallel arrangement of carbon layers was more active and more resistant to poisoning by sulfur. 

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