First responders defined

A risk assessment analyses systems at two levels. The first level defines the functions the system must perform to respond successfully to an accident. The second level identifies the hardware for the systems use. The hardware identification (in the top event statement) describes minimum system operability and system boundaries (interfaces). Experience shows that the interfaces between a frontline system and its support systems are important to the system cs aluaiion and require a formal search to document the interactions. Such is facilitated by a failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA). Table S.4.4-2 is an example of an interaction FMEA for the interlace and support requirements for system operation. 

What is a first responder It is a phrase often mentioned in the press but rarely defined. 

OSHA (1910.120 (q)) defines an emergency response to a hazardous substance release as employees engaged in emergency response no matter where it occurs. OSHA separates individuals who respond to these incidents into six levels, each having its own training requirement. OSHA s responder levels are First Responder - Awareness Level First Responder -Operations Level Hazardous Material Technician Hazardous Materials Specialist Incident Commander and Skilled Support Persoimel. 

An employer must provide Hepatitis B vaccinations, or the declination form, to employees who will have occupational exposure. OSHA defines occupational exposure as reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee s duties. This would include employees whose written job descriptions or whose job duties will expose them to blood or other potentially infectious materials on the job. If all employees that will be trained on first aid and CPR are required (not volunteers) to be first responders, or will be responsible for cleaning up after an accident, then they would fall into a bloodborne pathogen (BBP) program. 

Release zone an area in and immediately surrounding a hazardous substance release assumed to pose an immediate health risk to all persons, including first responders Reliability block diagrams diagrams that define the series dependence, or independence, of all functions of a system or functional group for each life-cycle event Relief valve a valve designed to release excess pressure within a system without damaging the system... 

We now have the tools necessary to describe how a polymeric material will respond to applied stresses. The next step is to add a method to characterize individual polymers in terms of the ease by which they deform. Imagine that we impose a shear stress on two different materials for the same length of time. In the first material we observe a great deal of deformation in the second there is very little. What is the reason for this The answer lies in the fact that there are fundamental differences in the response of each of the materials to the imposed stress. We define these differences by taking the ratio of the applied stress to the strain rate and calling it the material s viscosity, q, which is defined in Eq. 6.3. 

Recall that the calculation of 4>m relies on equation 13.4. It is important to emphasize that the validity of this equation rests on two assumptions. The first is a direct consequence of the way the microphone responds to the rate of the process, as it originates the photoacoustic wave. All the fast processes yield a measured waveform with the same time profile all the slow processes produce virtually no signal. Between these two extremes an intermediate regime exists, in which the time profile of the measured waveform varies to reflect the rate of the process. The fast and slow process rates are defined in relation to the intrinsic response of the microphone, determined by its characteristic oscillation frequency v. 

Over the years, scientific research with human subjects has provided valuable information to help characterize and control risks to public health, but its use has also raised particular ethical concerns for the welfare of the human participants in such research as well as scientific issues related to the role of such research in assessing risks. Society has responded to these concerns by defining general standards for conducting human research. As an example, studies carried out for the authorization of a medical product, have to be conducted in line with the World Medical Association s Declaration of Helsinki, which describes the general ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects (World Medical Association 2004). The Helsinki Declaration was first issued by the World Medical Association in 1964 and has been revised several times since then. 

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