Monomers halogen-containing

A graft copolymer is a branched polymer containing a polymer chain derived from one monomer to which are attached one or more polymer side chains of another monomer. ATRP produces a graft copolymer when the initiator is a polymer with one or more halogen-containing side groups ... 

Many other crosslinking reactions are used in commercial applications. A variety of halogen-containing elastomers are crosslinked by heating with a basic oxide (e.g., MgO or ZnO) and a primary diamine [Labana, 1986 Schmiegel, 1979]. This includes poly(epichlorohydrin) (Sec. 7-2b-6) various co- and terpolymers of fluorinated monomers such as vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropene, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), and tetrafluoroethylene (Sec. 6-8e) and terpolymers of alkyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (Sec. 6-8e). 

Using the grafting-from method with NMP requires the synthesis and (co)polymerization of monomers that contain the nitroxide group [Hawker et al., 2001]. A halogen-containing monomer such as vinyl chloroacetate or p-chloromethylstyrene is reacted with an HO-containing alkoxyamine to yield a vinyl alkoxyamine, which is used as a NMP initiator to... 

Halogen-containing monomers can undergo insertion polymerisation only when the halogen atom is situated far away from the C=C bond this concerns co-halo-a-olefins [527]. 

The most successful approach for flame-retarding acrylic fibres is to copolymerise halogen-containing monomers into the fibre. These modacrylic fibres have excellent permanent flame retardancy and acceptable fibre properties. Some problems including reproducibility of dyeing gave rise to their substitution by flame-retardant modified polyester, for example for curtain fabrics and other decorative textiles. 

Polycarbobetaines may be synthesized via a number of reaction pathways by functionahzation of suitable monomers or polymers, most commonly by reaction of a tertiary amine with a strained lactone, an a, -unsaturated acid, a haloalkylcarboxylate, or a haloalkylcarboxyhc ester followed by hydrolysis of the ester. Alternatively, the quaternization of halogen-containing... 

If the monomers contain reactive groups that could be attacked by carbanions they will not be suitable for anionic polymerizations. Halogen-containing vinyl monomers are difficult to polymerize in these systems because of the elimination of alkyl halides. Interactions between many initiators and the carbonyl groups of methacrylates or acrylates necessitate the use of special reaction conditions, like very low temperatures, for the anionic polymerization of these monomers. 

A polymeric initiator with terminal halogen containing groups can be prepared by using a bifimctional initiator 4,4 -azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid-trichloroacetyl-amide) (ACPT) [142]. When this polymer is irradiated at 436nm in the presence of Mn2(CO)io and the appropriate monomer, block copolymers are obtained [143], according to Scheme 40 ... 

The usage of halogen containing monomers for making fireproof polymeric materials is a traditional way for solving the problems of improovement of the flame retarded constructive and membranous materials. 

The complex of physical-chemical properties enable to hold out the unsaturated halogen containing block-copolysulfonarilats as warm-, thermo- and fire-proof constructive and membranous materials. The accessibility of the feedstock for receiving monomers on the basis of chloral, and also the manufacturability acceptor-catalytic polycondensation mekes it possible to refer the new halogen containing unsaturated block-copolysulfonarilats to industrialy-perspective polymeric materials. 

The mechanism proposed by Kennedy requires that allylic or tertiary chlorines be attached to the first polymer chain. Chlorobutyl rubber, PVC, and other chlorine-containing polymers usually have 1-2% of mers with chlorines in the required reactive positions. The halogen-containing polymer is dissolved in an inert but polar solvent in the presence of an organoaluminum catalyst and a cationically polymerizable monomer, such as styrene, and polymerization is effected, usually at about — 50 C. The major point is that the second component chains can be initiated only at an active chlorine site on the first polymer. 

A new synthetic technique for making AB crosslinked copolymers systematically was reported by Bamford et al (1971, 1974). His synthesis involves crosslinking of a suitable polymer (I) with chains of vinyl polymer (II) by reaction of halogen-containing groups in I with an organometallic derivative, e.g., Mo(CO)6 or Mn2(CO)io, in the presence of monomer II. The reaction scheme may be written as... 

The most acceptable ways of modification of aromatic polyesters aimed to get self-attenuating materials of improved resistance to aggressive media are the condensation of polymers from halogen-containing monomers. 

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