Fire, Smoke and Toxicity

Heat flux (kW/m ) Mass loss (%) Time to ignite (s) Peak rate of heat release (kW/m ) Time is) Total heat release (MJ/m ) Smoke (m /kg ) 

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Jones, W. W., A Model for the Transport of Fire. Smoke and Toxic Gases (FASTI NBSIR 84-2934, Natl Bur. Stands (September), 1984. 

BMIs and maleimide-terminated prepolymers have been considered for systems with improved Fire, Smoke and Toxicity properties. Of particular interest are phosphorous-containing bismaleimides because they provide high Limiting Oxigen Index (LOI) values (30). 3,3 -bis(maleimidophenyl) methyl phosphine oxide is such a compound (Fig. 7). 

FFS form-fill-seal FSTS Fire, Smoke, and Toxicity Standard... 

Railway carriage interior components molded by RTM have been developed by Kobe Steel Europe with Transintech, UK, and Compin, France. A lightweight (5 kg) seat back shell with high static load and absorption capacity is molded in a modified acrylic resin (from Ashland) with a filler combination to achieve low fire, smoke and toxicity (FST) properties (which is easy to mold by RTM, with little effect on mechanical properties). A combination of glass fiber-based fabrics of 45° non-crimp (936 g/m ) with unidirectional reinforcement and continuous filament mat (450 g/m ) is used. 

ATS 1000.001 Airbus Industry Test Specification for fire, smoke and toxicity... 

Relative hardness Designation Flame class Fire, smoke and toxicity Industry... 

Isophthalic polyester is the most commonly used resin but vinylester is important in corrosion resistance applications. Urethane methacrylate has very good fire, smoke and toxicity performance. Epoxy is used in the higher performance applications and almost always with carbon fibre. Phenolic resins are being developed for pultrusion, to take advantage of their excellent fire performance. 

Inside aircraft the fire, smoke and toxicity performance of PAEK is often their key advantage versus other plastics. PAEK produce relatively little smoke and toxic gas in fire situations and they are used extensively in cabin structures. Polyaryletherketoneketone (PEKK) (often laminated with Tedlar) is used to make thermoformed cabin interior panels. Amorphous PEKK has the advantage of being thermoformable at relatively low temperatures which are compatible with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and the various adhesives used in the laminate. PEEK is found in window surrounds, passenger service units and lamp housings. Glass fibre-reinforced PEEK is used in the... 

The flame retardant chemicals industry has historically been driven by regulations and standards. The normal fire-, smoke-, and toxicity-related standards have been joined by environmental standards provoked by the alleged environmental impact of halogens and the alleged toxicity of antimony. Although suitable replacements have not been found for these materials in all cases, the environmental concern has served to depress their growth levels from what it would otherwise have been and/or channel the growth into alternative chemical products. 

Fire Toxicity of Plastics (1989) RAPRA Technology, Shawbury — papers presented at a seminar covering all the major aspects of fire, smoke and toxicity. 

Formulation additive(s) this/these could include such components as flame retardants for low fire, smoke, and toxicity products ... 

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