Fingerprinting and

Methods of analyzing the diversity of the selected subset ensure that an appropriate chemical space is covered. Descriptors such as fingerprints, and 2D, and 3D descriptors, as well as molecular surface properties, which can be... 

The tetroxide has been used to detect fingerprints and to stain fatty tissue for miscroscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys, with other metals of the platinum group, for fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, phonograph needles, and electrical contacts. 

This fragmentation is characteristic for a given substance, similar to a fingerprint, and is referred to as a mass spectrum. 

Data analysis is one aspect of multidimensional analyses that must be optimized in the future. The analysis of chromatographic data beyond one dimension is still exceedingly problematic, especially in the analyses of highly complex mixtures. Better software may need to be developed in order to analyze two- and three-dimensional peaks due to their complexity. Three-dimensional data is only useful today in terms of fingerprinting and often that even requires extensive data analysis. A great deal of research must still be carried out to make the interpretation and quantification of multidimensional data easier. 

Military uses for lasers are abundant, from range-finding to guided munitions to laser aiming devices on firearms. Warfare has been revolutionized by the laser. Law enforcement uses lasers to lift hard-to-recover fingerprints and in laser radar speed guns. 

Industry, however, favours electrodeposited palladium-nickel alloy since it is cheaper than palladium, harder and less prone to cracking, fingerprinting and formation of polymer films Its wear resistance is poor, so it is usually given a thin topcoat of hard (sometimes, soft) gold. ... 

Clustering is the process of dividing a collection of objects into groups (or clusters) so that the objects within a cluster are highly similar whereas objects in different clusters are dissimilar [41]. When applied to databases of compounds, clustering methods require the calculation of all the pairwise similarities of the compounds with similarity measures such as those described previously, for example, 2D fingerprints and the Tanimoto coefficient. 

Schuffenhauer A, Gillet VJ, Willett P. Similarity searching in files of 3D chemical structures analysis of the BIOSTER database using 2D fingerprints and molecular field descriptors. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 2000 40 295-307. 

Rycroft et al. (1999) identihed the major components of plants from six locations in western Scotland and four from the Azores using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fingerprinting and GC-MS. The terpene P-phellandrene [129], which may be responsible for the aroma of material crushed in the held, was detected in all specimens. The major components, which appear in Fig. 5.6, were shown to be methyl eveminate [444], the four methyl orcellinate derivatives [445 8], the two 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivatives [449] and [450], the newly described phthalide killamiensolide [451], and the bibenzyl [453]. Methyl eveminate was the major compound in all 10 specimens other compounds were more varied in their occurrence. Killamiensolide was not isolated as such but was detected when extracts were acetylated yielding, among other compounds, [452]. The presence of the bibenzyl compound [453] in more than trace amounts in P. killarniensis raises the possibility that it represents contamination from P. spinulosa with which it was growing at the one site. 

El Fantroussi S, L Verschuere, W Verstraete, EM Top (1999) Effect of phenylurea herbicides on soil microbial communities estimated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene fingerprints and community-level physiological profiles. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 982-988. 

Similarity Comparison of molecules using molecular descriptors and a measure of similarity, for example a 2D fingerprint and the Tanimoto coefficient... 

Clearly, within the conceptual framework described above, there is extensive room for exploration in creating fingerprints and similarity measures to retrieve molecules based on varying conceptions of similarity [42—441. The simplest types of fingerprint consist simply of features indices that map the presence or absence of a small library of functional groups. The most well known and effective are the MACCS keys. These were initially chemical feature indices, that we later used successfully as a similarity metric. 

DIRECT INFUSION ESMS OF CRUDE CELL EXTRACTS FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT CHARACTERIZATIONS—METABOLIC FINGERPRINTING AND FOOTPRINTING... 

Goodacre, R. Timmins, fi. M. Burton, R. Kaderbhai,N Woodward, A. M. Kell, D. B. Rooney, P. J. Rapid identification of urinary tract infection bacteria using hperspectral whole-organism fingerprinting and artificial neural networks. Microbiology 1998,144,1157-1170. 

Probably the most widely employed technique now used in phase studies is powder X-ray diffraction. The X-ray powder pattern of a compound can be used as a fingerprint, and data for many compounds are available. This can be illustrated with reference to the sodium fluoride (NaF)-zinc fluoride (ZnF2) system. Suppose that pure NaF is mixed with a few percent of pure ZnF2 and the mixture heated at about 600°C until reaction is complete. An X-ray powder photograph will show the presence of two compounds (or phases), NaF, which will be the major component, and a small amount of a new compound (point A, Fig. 4.1a). A repetition of the experiment, with gradually increasing amounts of ZnF2 will yield a similar result, but the amount of the new phase will increase relative to the amount of NaF until... 

Dearman, R.J. and Kimber, I., Cytokine fingerprinting and hazard assessment of chemical respiratory allergy. J. Appl. Toxicol., 21, 153, 2001. 

Because the fragmentation pattern produced by a mass spectrometer can be used as a fingerprint of molecule, the mass spectrum reveals, for example, whether the correct compound has been synthesized and whether contaminants are present. One can see that it is a molecular fingerprint, just as absorption spectra are molecular fingerprints, and that it is a powerful tool for identification purposes. 

This activity is intended to be performed in conjunction with Experiment 66. Restriction endonucleases, or restriction enzymes, cleave DNA at specific base sequences, fragmenting the DNA into smaller pieces. The two strands of a DNA double helix are cleaved at different places, resulting in uneven fragments called sticky ends. Cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes is a required first step in various types of DNA analysis, including DNA fingerprinting and recombinant DNA technology. 

Similar Both are molecular fingerprints and therefore useful for qualitative analysis, and both display absorption behavior over a wavelength range. 

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