Filling fraction

The time constants characterizing heat transfer in convection or radiation dominated rotary kilns are readily developed using less general heat-transfer models than that presented herein. These time constants define simple scaling laws which can be used to estimate the effects of fill fraction, kiln diameter, moisture, and rotation rate on the temperatures of the soHds. Criteria can also be estabHshed for estimating the relative importance of radiation and convection. In the following analysis, the kiln wall temperature, and the kiln gas temperature, T, are considered constant. Separate analyses are conducted for dry and wet conditions. 

Comparison of equations 10 and 11 shows that the factors and are similar iu their functional dependencies on kiln fill fraction. The... 

Fig. 5. The impact of moisture iu the sohds on the temperature profiles of the sohds at a kiln wall temperature of 330°C, 0.5 rpm, and a fill fraction of 3% ...

Assuming a 3.7 X 11-m kiln having a 7% fill fraction, fined with methane at 8.8 x 10 W at 50% excess air, it can be shown that k-pjkp is about 100. Because k is so much greater than kp, equation 17 becomes simply... 

Fig. 6. Pilot-scale kiln results for a fill fraction of 0.08% at 0.5 rpm and an initial toluene loading, on a dry, calcined, montmorillonite clay adsorbent, of 0.25 wt %, at A, 790°C B, 330°C and C, 190°C. The soHd lines are model fits using equation 24. The model simultaneously fits to all of the data (24).

An alternative way to look at the problem might be to ask the question, What initial fill fraction should be specified in the tank to avoid two-phase flow during a fire exposure incident No tested correlations are presently available to compute the height of a foam layer above the boiling liquid. 

Comparison of equations 10 and 11 shows that the factors P/Rtot and PVAlcconv are similar in their functional dependencies on kiln fill fraction. The dependence of t on fill fraction is almost linear and to a good approximation, t0 OC /°-87. ... 

NiO nanoparticies were synthesized in toluene under solvothermal conditions as follows. In a typical reaction, 0.05 g (0.15 mmol) of Ni(cup)2 were taken in 48 mi of toluene and subjected to sonication for 10 min. The resulting green coloured solution was sealed in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave of 80 ml capacity (allowing 70% filling fraction) and... 

Figure 17.3 Transmission of excitation light and fluorescence emission from Cy-5 from a disordered arrangement of 200nm diameter nanoapertures in 70nm thick gold film, with average spacing of IDm. In these measurements, the sample angle was varied with respect to the incident light, while detection occurred in a direction collinear with the incident light. Fluorescence is normalized to a quartz substrate with the same monolayer and corrected for fill fraction.

Performing the same measurements on samples where the gold surfaces had been passivated with mPEG-thiol (see section 4.1), leaving the subsequently self-assembled monolayers only at the bottom of the nanocavities, average fluorescence enhancement (across multiple samples) of 6.9 0.7 for Cy-5 has been obtained (46). In this case, the fill fraction for fluorescence emission was 3.1%. What the comparison of these measures shows is that the enhancements with and without... 

Again, the emission pattern from a glass substrate is also shown for reference. Figure 17.18 shows the fluorescence output as a function of incidence angle for the passivated sample. At the surface-plasmon incidence angle, the total fluorescence enhancement compared to the reference is 12 (normalized to the 3.1% fill-fraction of the bottom surface of the nanoapertures), which is comparable to the enhancement obtained under full interior surface coverage (Figure 17.14). Therefore, the fluorescence enhancement (per unit area) is comparable for fluorophores on the bottom as for fluorophores on the sidewalls with backside detection, as before with individual apertures. 

In a composite material, as described here, the effective third-order nonlinear susceptibility should depend linearly with the concentration of the inclusions in a low filling fraction regime. In that way, the nonlinear absorption coefficient of the medium, associated to the Im[ (ru)] and consequently to the two-photon absorption processes, should also be a function of the inclusions concentration. 

The TM-EZ scan technique was applied to the Tryptophan-Ag colloid with different NPs concentration. The values obtained for the nonlinear susceptibilities are summarized in figure 18.9. One can also observe that, in a low filling fraction regime, the imaginary part of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility increase linearlv with the concentration of NPs, and a saturation behaviour is observed for/>3x10 , in accordance with the results obtained from the fluorescence spectroscopy (figure 18.8). 

Panchenkov s viscosity formula, 89 paper chromatography, 182 Papin s digester, 276 parabola, 421 paraboloid, 429, 430 parachor, 144, 159 atomic, 144 bibliography on, 148 and bond-type, 147 constitutional effect on, 144 and coordinate link, 144 and dipole moment, 146 and entropy, 147 and latent heat of evaporation, 323 and latent heat of fusion, 146 and magnetic susceptibility, 147 for mixtures, 145 negative, 147 and refractivity, 146-7 in solution, 145 and space-filling fraction, 146 and space-filling, 146 ... 

FIG. 20-77 Newton number as a function of Reynolds number for a horizontal stirred bead mill, with fluid alone and with various filling fractions of f-mm glass beads [Weit and Schivedes, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 10 6), 398-404 (1987)]. (N = power input, W d = sturer disk diameter, n = stirring speed, 1/s p = liquid viscosity, Pa S Qf= feed rate, mVs.)... 

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