Filler volume fraction

In Figure 5.23 the finite element model predictions based on with constraint and unconstrained boundary conditions for the modulus of a glass/epoxy resin composite for various filler volume fractions are shown. 

Fig. 8. Slriiclure ol dry primer film with inhibiting pigment showing range of filler volume fractions. From ref. [70].

The mechanical behaviour of a two-phase composite system depends partly on the filler characteristics, such as the geometry of inclusions, their size, the size distribution, the orientation of inclusions, the filler volume-fraction, the relative positions between the inclusions, the physical state of the filler, etc. and partly on the matrix characteristics, which are related to the physico-chemical state of the matrix, the degree of its polymerization, the crystallinity, the degree of cross-linking, etc. 

It was shown 15,161 that, as the filler-volume fraction is increased, the proportion of macromolecules, participating in this boundary layers with reduced mobilities, is also increased, so that the number of macromolecules participating in the Tg-process is reduced. This is equivalent to a relative increase of ur... 

Fig. 4. Heat capacity Cp of iron-epoxy particulates plotted against temperature with four different filler-volume fractions and for a particle diameter df = 0.40 x 10-3 m...

Fig. 9. The variation of the adhesion exponentsT andT)2, the adhesion coefficient A for the three-term modes, as well as the adhesion coefficient 2r for the two-term model, versus the filler volume fraction of...

Fig. II. The variation of the elastic modulus for the composite Ec, versus the filler-volume fraction, uf, and the mode of variation of the average mesophase modulus, E", as derived from the model...

Fig. 12. The variation of the mesophase moduli E (r) for the various filler-volume contents of an iron-epoxy particulate, versus the polar distance from the filler-matrix boundary, normalized to the highest filler-volume fraction of nf = 25 percent...

Filler volume fraction permeability surface roughness Composite modulus liquid... 

Fig.5. The relationship between viscosity and shear rate for zirconia/wax binder injection moulding formulations (at 100 °C). n is the flow behaviour index. Ceramic filler volume fraction (%) ( ) 50 (A) 55 (V) 60 (O) 65 (+) 70 [26]...

Using silicon nitride powder in a polypropylene/microcrystalline wax/stearic acid binder formulation, the effect of filler volume fraction (V) (over the range 50 to 70%) on relative viscosity (rjj.) was predicted from Eq. 5 ... 

In more recent work, talc-filled polystyrene compounds, with various filler volume fractions, have been processed by compression moulding and through a variety of slit, capillary, rectangular and annular dies [37]. Particle orientation has been characterised using wide angle X-ray diffraction, then expressed in the form of pole figures, and by scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that... 

Figure 9. Reinforcing and nonreinforcing filler (volume fraction = 0.5) in poly(l,2-oxypropylene)-type polyurethane rubber. I = 0.74 min. 1 T =...

Also, the loss in available surface area due to overlapping and aggregation is quite substantial in the case of nanofiller. As illustrated in Fig. 41, the loss is directly dependent on the interparticle distance between the fillers and, hence, also on the filler loading. Introduction of these two terms into the IAF in the form of the correlation length between the nanoparticles (J ) and the filler volume fraction ( ), respectively, mitigates the problem. 

Langley, K.R., Martin, A. and Ogin, S.L. (1994). The effect of filler volume fraction on the fracture toughness of a model food composite. Composites Sci. Tech. 50, 259-264. 

It is shown below that p fulfills a scaling relation which involves the size and mass fractal dimension of the primary aggregates. Due to significant deviations of the solid fraction p from 1, the filler volume fraction of carbon black in rubber composites has to be treated as an effective one in most applications, i.e., 0eff=0/0p (compare [22]). 

Fig. 24 Mean aggregate solid fraction vs filler volume fraction of N339 in E-SBR- and S-SBR-composites, respectively, as obtained from TEM-analysis (in-rubber state)...

Fig. 39 Double logarithmic plot of the small strain storage modulus vs filler volume fraction for a variety of carbon black filled composites, as indicated. The solid lines with slope 3.5 correspond to the prediction of Eq. (30). Data of butyl/N330 composites are taken from [28] (compare Fig. 2a)...

Most polymers are usually electrical insulators but need to be conductive for many engineering applications. Incorporation of conductive filler particles into the polymeric medium remains an interesting way to produce an electrically conducting polymer. Carbon materials provide electrical conduction and lead to a change in resistivity with increasing filler volume fraction in the polymer matrix. 

Figure 12.11. Dependence of the stress at 100% strain of NR / MWNTs composites on the filler volume fraction and comparison with predictions of theoretical models.

The dependency of the elastic modulus G of the compound on filler volume fraction

[Pg.34]

The established concepts predict some features of the Payne effect, that are independent of the specific types of filler. These features are in good agreement with experimental studies. For example, the Kraus-exponent m of the G drop with increasing deformation is entirely determined by the structure of the cluster network [58, 59]. Another example is the scaling relation at Eq. (70) predicting a specific power law behavior of the elastic modulus as a function of the filler volume fraction. The exponent reflects the characteristic structure of the fractal heterogeneity of the CCA-cluster network. 

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