Filled polyester systems

Epoxy and polyester systems filled with flake glass provide a finish that is tough and resistant to abrasion. One commercial system is filled with copper flakes to provide intrinsic antifouling action. These systems are apphed at a total dry film thickness of about 625 p.m and are used on pleasure boats. 

Typical systems include BMC and DMC polyester systems, which are usually filled with long (>lmm) glass fibres. 

The systems can include many options surfiice veil, chopped liners, sprayed resin systems, hoop winding strands, helical winding strands, resin bath, unidirectional tape, woven roving tape, pigmented resin surfaces, wax-resin surfaces, gel coats, BPO catalyst, epoxy resins, vinyl ester resins, filled resin systems, abrasive resin systems, polyester foam, syntactic foam, and charting film. 

Eastman Chemical supplies triethyl phosphate and other phosphates to the plastics industry, where they can be used synergistically with halogens in flame-retarded and halogenated unsaturated polyesters, or replace antimony in products that need to be clear or translucent. They can be used in highly filled polymer systems, including ATH filled formulations. 

Notes Cross-linked polyethylene and polyester systems, EPR, EPT amino silane-treated for mineral-filled PA ... 

The phosphorus can also be introduced in the form of a vinylphospho-nate for copolymerization with styrene in the curing step. Polyesters of this type, with bis(2-chloroethyl) vinylphosphonate as part of the cross-linking system, were marketed for a time (173). The only use of phosphorus compounds in any significant volume in polyester resins has been that of triethyl phosphate or dimethyl methylphosphonate for viscosity reduction and flame retardancy in filled-polyester, sheet-molding compositions. 

Other filled resin systems that require a coupling agent include highly filled sand cores with ftiran urea-formaldehyde and urethane resins in the foundry industry highly filled polymer concrete where polyester and epoxy binders are used to bond aggregate and cultured marble, cultured onyx, and cultured granite, where a highly filled thermoset resin is used to bond and aluminum trihydrate. 

Alderman N, Mackley M (1985) Optical textures observed during the shearing of thermotropic liquid-crystal polymers. Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 79 149-160 Antoun S, Lenz RW, Jin I (1981) Liquid crystal polymers. IV. Thermotropic polyesters with flexible spacers in the main chain. J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed 19 1901-1920 Baek SG, Magda JJ, Cementwala S (1993) Normal stress differences in liquid crystalline hydroxypropyl cellulose solutions. J Rheol 37 935-945 Barnes HA (2003) A review of the rheology of filled viscoelastic systems. In The British Society of Rheology, pp 1-36... 

Saturated complex polyesters, particularly, poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) are used as engineering thermoplastics possesing good thermo - and wearstability, excellent moulding. These properties also allow to use them as matrix material for polymer composites [1], One of the perspective ways of search of effective catalysts for such systems is kinetic study of the reesterification model reaction, performed in the presence of various catalysts and comparison it with the results of the similar reaction without catalyst. Clarification on the example of model system of the most effective catalysts list allows to use them for obtaining both filled and nonfilled PBT and compare catalytic activity of various catalysts. The purpose of the... 

The dimensional stability of low density, water blown rigid PU foams for pour-in-place thermal insulation applications was improved by the use of a phthalic anhydride based polyester polyol containing a dispersed cell opening agent. The foam systems obtained allowed some of the carbon dioxide to be released through the cell windows immediately after filling of the cavity, and to be rapidly replaced by air. Studies were made of the flowability, density, open cell content, dimensional stability, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and adhesion (particularly to flame treated PE) of these foams. These properties were examined in comparison with those of HCFC-141b blown foams. 21 refs. 

Modern systems use BiB packaging for syrups. A double bag is used the inner bag is blended polymers (for example LDPE and EVA) and the outer protective bag is a laminate with an inner layer of metallised polyester sandwiched between LDPE. The bags are sealed with a coupling valve designed to connect only to the drink manufacturer s dispensing equipment and after filling are dropped into cardboard outer boxes. 

The mortar may be applied to properly prepared concrete or steel substrates by usual acid-resistant bricklaying methods. An epoxy, urethane asphalt, bi-tumastic, polyester or vinyl ester membrane is required behind the block to ensure corrosion protection of the substrate. Because the mortar joints are rigid, a system of expansion/contraction joints, usually filled with ceramic paper, must be designed to prevent cracks. 

The power-law model is the most extensively used shear-mte model for thermosets and has been used for unfilled (Ryan and Kamal, 1976, Kascaval et al., 1993, Riccardi and Vazquez, 1989) and filled (Ryan and Kamal, 1976, Knauder et al., 1991) epoxy-resin systems. Sundstrom and Burkett (1981) showed that there was a good fit of the viscosity of diallyl phthalate to the Cross model. The viscosity of polyesters has been modelled by Yang and Suspene (1991) using a Newtonian model. The WLF model has been used by Pahl and Hesekamp (1993) for a moderately filled epoxy-resin system. Rydes (1993) showed that the viscosity of DMC polyesters followed a power-law relationship at high shear rate. 

Typical systems are unsaturated polyesters, usually filled with mineral fillers and/or fibres. Newer systems such as thermoset-thermoplastics using reactive solvents for processing high-performance engineering polymers are being researched. 

Typical systems are polyester and phenolic resins filled with glass fibres and mineral fillers. 

Rheological properties of mineral-filled and mineral/glass-fibre-filled unsaturated polyester DMCs have been presented by Gandhi and Bums (1976), who found that a simple power law was useful to characterize the chemorheology of both systems (note that limited cure effects during compressional flow are assumed). This work was extended by a series of... 

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