Filaria worms

The roundworms (Nematoda)127 129 have, in addition to the enteron (alimentary tract), a separate body cavity. Free-living nematodes abound in water and soil but many species are parasitic. They do enormous damage to plants and to some animal species. Trichina, hookworms1293, and filaria worms attack humans. However, in the laboratory the 1-mm-long, 810-cell nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (Fig. 1-14) has become an important animal. In 1963 Sydney Brenner launched what has become a worldwide effort to make this tiny worm the equivalent in the animal kingdom of... 

Filamin 370 Filaria worms 24 Fimbriae 6. See also Pili Fingerprinting. See also Peptide mapping of DNA 259 of proteins 118, 360 First Law of Thermodynamics 282 First order reactions 457 Fischer, Edmond H. 84 Fischer, Emil H. 42, 83 Fischer projection formula 42 of monosaccharides 163 FK506 488 Flagella... 

Brugia filaria worms including B. malayi B. timori... 

Afecator human hookworms including N. americanus Onchocerca filaria worms including, 0. volvulus... 

Filariasis. The presence of parasites filariae in the blood and tissues of the body. May be asymptomatic, and living worms cause minimal tissue reaction. Death of the adult worms causes marked inflammation and lymphatic obstruction. 

Suramin is a colorless dye that evolved from Ehrlich s early work with azo dyes such as Trypan Red that cured mice infected with trypanosomes (Ehrlich and Shiga, 1904). It has therefore been viewed as the first synthetic chemotherapeutic drug (it was inactive in humans). A decade later, suramin, which is, however, trypanocidal in humans, was introduced. It is still in use today for this purpose. Even though the drug has since been shown to inhibit various enzyme systems in parasitic protozoa and worms such as filaria (see avermectin later), its mechanism of action and basis of selective toxicity has still not been elucidated. 

Reduction of the nitro group of (382) followed by amidation with methoxyacetyl chloride afforded amidantel (383) Scheme 5.88.) [513]. This anthelmintic successfully treated nematode, filaria and cestode infections in rodents and showed high efficacy against hookworms and round worms in dogs [513]. 

Water Excess. Sometimes excessive water accumulates in the tissues, specifically the interstitial compartment. Outwardly, this condition is noted as swelling and it may occur in any area of the body. It is called edema, though some may still call it dropsy. In general, there are four causes of edema (1) elevated fluid pressure in the capillaries as in heart failure (2) low osmotic pressure in the blood due to decreased blood protein in such conditions as liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, severe burns, and starvation (3) blockage of the lymph vessels as caused by the parasitic worm, filariae, in the disease elephantiasis or (4) increased capillary permeability due to the release of histamine in allergic reactions. Edema may require the restriction of dietary sodium and/or diuretics. 

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