Field studies, hydrocarbon

Varanasi, U., Stein, J.E., and Reichert, W.L. et al. (1992). Chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediments, fish and marine mammals in US coastal waters laboratory and field studies of metabolism and accumulation. In C.H. Walker and D.R. Livingstone (Eds.) Persistent Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems, Oxford, U.K. Pergamon Press, 83-118. 

McNab WW Jr, Narasimhan TN. 1994. Degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons and groundwater geochemistry A field study. Environmental Science and Technology 28 76-775. 

Safinowski M, C Griebler, RU Meckenstock (2006) Anaerobic cometabolic transformation of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons evidence from laboratory and field studies. Environ Sci Technol 40 4165-4173. 

Walter MV, EC Neilson, G Eirmstone, DG Martin, Ml Clayton, S Simpson, S Spaulding (1997) Surfactant enhances biodegradation of hydrocarbons microcosm and field study. J Soil Contam 6 61-77. 

Poppendieck, D.G., Loehr, R.C. and Webster, M.T., Predicting hydrocarbon removal from thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction systems. 2. Field study, J. Hazard. Mater., 69, 95-109, 1999. 

The articles by J. R. Anderson, J. H. Sinfelt, and R. B. Moyes and P. B. Wells, on the other hand, deal with a classical field, namely hydrocarbons on metals. The pattern of modem wTork here still very much reflects the important role in the academic studies of deuterium exchange reactions and the mechanisms advanced by pioneers like Horiuti and Polanyi, the Farkas brothers, Rideal, Tw igg, H. S. Taylor, and Turkevich. Using this method, Anderson takes ultrathin metal films with their separated crystallites as idealized models for supported metal catalysts. Sinfelt is concerned with hydrogcnolysis on supported metals and relates the activity to the percentage d character of the metallic bond. Moyes and Wells deal with the modes of chemisorption of benzene, drawing on the results of physical techniques and the ideas of the organometallic chemists in their discussions. 

Zhang, Y., Wu, R.S.S., Hong, H.-S., Poon, K.-F., Lam, M.H.W. (2000) Field study on desorption rates of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated marine sediment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 2431-2435. 

Testa, S. M., Baker, D. M., and Avery, P. L., 1989, Field Studies on Occurrence, Recoverability and Mitigation Strategy for Free Phase Liquid Hydrocarbon In Environmental Concerns in the Petroleum Industry (edited by S. M. Testa), Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Symposium Volume, pp. 57-81. 

American Petroleum Institute, 1987, Field Study of Enhanced Subsurface Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxygen Source. American Petroleum Institute, Publication No. 4448, Washington, D.C., 76 pp. 

The avermectin natural products are pesticides possessing novel chemistry and mode of action. Cross-resistance has not been observed in laboratory or field studies with mites andinsects tolerant to commercially available organophosphate, carbamate, chlorinated hydrocarbon and pyrethroid pesticides. 

Figure 4. Relationship between ratios of alkyl nitrates to parent hydrocarbons measured in a field study in rural Pennsylvania.

Finally, Chapters 14 and 15 address the remediation of the unsaturated zone. In Chapter 14, researchers from the University of Virginia study the effects of natural atmospheric pressure variations on the flow of air into and out of the unsaturated zone at the Picatinny Arsenal in northern New Jersey. This barometric pumping contributes to the natural remediation of the shallow, trichloroethylene-contaminated groundwater. In the last chapter of the book, Richard Meixner and co-workers present a detailed field study documenting the effectiveness of soil-vapor extraction to remediate gasoline hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone. 

Accumulations of fluorene in fish were found to be higher than any of the pesticides (Table I). We are not aware of any field study which may have reported the bioconcentration of this particular hydrocarbon, and the results presented here may serve to emphasize the argument that formulation materials are often as desirable research subjects as are the active components. 

Gardinali, PR., Sericano, J.L., Wade, T.L. (2004) Uptake and depuration of toxic halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons by the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) a field study. Chemosphere 54, 61-70. 

Our present understanding of formulation of the synthetic organic insecticides for bark beetle control is sketchy. The literature reveals only a few examples of formulation research. Field studies have emphasized the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. 

Visser S. 2005. Toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to soil organisms and the effects on soil quality, phase 3 long-term field studies. Report prepared for Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada (PTAC). Calgory (Alberta, CN). www.ptac.org. 

In the field of hydrocarbon conversions, N. D. Zelinskii and his numerous co-workers have published much important information since 1911. Zelinskii s method for the selective dehydrogenation of cyclohexanes over platinum and palladium was first applied to analytical work (155,351,438,439), but in recent years attempts have been made to use it industrially for the manufacture of aromatics from the cyclohexanes contained in petroleum. In addition, nickel on alumina was used for this purpose by V. I. Komarewsky in 1924 (444) and subsequently by N. I. Shuikin (454,455,456). Hydrogen disproportionation of cyclohexenes over platinum or palladium discovered by N. D. Zelinskii (331,387) is a related field of research. Studies of hydrogen disproportionation are being continued, and their application is being extended to compounds such as alkenyl cyclohexanes. The dehydrocyclization of paraffins was reported by this institute (Kazanskil and Plate) simultaneously with B. L. Moldavskil and co-workers and with Karzhev (1937). The catalysts employed by this school have also been tested for the desulfurization of petroleum and shale oil fractions by hydrogenation under atmospheric pressure. Substantial sulfur removal was achieved by the use of platinum and nickel on alumina (392). 

Gowlan, B.T., McIntosh, A.D., Davies, I.M., Moffat, C.F. and Webster, L. (2002) Implications from a field study regarding the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glutathione S-transferase activity in mussels. Mar. Environ. Res., 54, 231-235. 

Field Study of Enhanced Subsurface Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxygen Source... 

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