Fibre determination

ISO 10119 2002 Carbon fibre - Determination of density ISO 10548 2002 Carbon fibre - Determination of size content... 

ISO 10618 2004 Carbon fibre - Determination of tensile properties of resin-impregnated yarn... 

ISO 11566 1996 Carbon fibre - Determination of the tensile properties of single-filament specimens... 

ISO 11567 1995 Carbon fibre - Determination of filament diameter and cross-sectional area ISO 13002 1998 Carbon fibre - Designation system for filament yarns... 

With non-ruminants, the only fibre determination required is by neutral detergent. Ruminants and other herbivores, which can partially digest fibre, will need the ADF or MADE methods. 

This is based on the method by Van Soest and Wine (1967) which has been modified according to subsequent recommendations. It is the only fibre determination suitable for non-ruminants. The residue consists of the plant cell-wall constituents cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, cutin, NDF-insoluble tannin and ash. See the article by Cherney (2000) for current modifications these include the use of amylase to aid in the removal of starch from forages containing grain (Van Soest et al., 1991), which has been adopted by MAFF... 

Exact details of the method can be found in the total dietary fibre determination procedure AOAC Method 991.43 and AACC Method 32-07 (AOAC, 1995 AACC, 2000). 

In some cases, for instance, when only a small quantity of material is available, the determinations may be restricted to only one fibre in a fabric of two kinds of fibre or to two fibres in a fabric of three textile materials. In such cases direct determinations must be made of the moisture and of the dressing and colouring matter, proportionate parts of these being assigned to the fibre determined. The results thus obtained do not possess the accuracy of those furnished by the methods described above, but in some cases they suffice. 

The wettability of various wood fibres was studied in [173], including bleached and unbleached, and alkyl ketene dimer sized and non-sized fibres. An improvement of the wettability with an increase of the surfactant concentration, except nonionics, was observed for all types of fibres. It has been noted in [174] that the electrokinetic potential of fibres determines considerably the efficiency of their washing and dying. Alkali mercerisation of cotton influences not only the fine structure, morphology and conformation of cellulose molecules, but also the negative electrokinetic potential of the cotton fibres. Based on this, the selection of mercerisation conditions due to changes in the NaOH concentration will allow to... 

Lahaye, M. (1991). Marine algae as sources of fibres Determination of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre contents in some Isquosea vegetablesrsquo. /. Sci. Food Agric. 54, 587-594. 

In ISO 5079. 1995, Textiles— Fibres—Determination of breaking force am elongation at break of iiuliridual fibers, the terms rupture and break are differentiated. Consequently separate terms are used for elongation at break and elongation at rupture" as illustrated in Fig. 21. 

ISO 197.1. 1995 Textile fibres Determination of linear density Gravimetric method and vibro-scope method. 

ISO 4911. 1981 -Textiles - Colton fibres—Determination of length (span length) and uniformity index. 

ISO 5079. 1995 Textile fibres—Determination of breaking force and elongation at break of individual fibres. 

ISO 6989. 1981 Textile fibres -Determination of length and length distribution of staple fibres (by measurement of single fibres). 

The crystallisation in coloured fibres occurs at the same rate and at the same temperature as in non-coloured fibres. The lamellar crystals formed on the row nuclei alternate with the amorphous areas forming fibrillar structure (Broda, 2004b). The long period for coloured fibres determined on Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) measurements equals 10.6 nm and has the similar value as in the case of non-coloured fibres (Broda, 2003b). 

As a matter of fact, the density of dry cellulose fibres, determined in such indifferent (non-swelling) liquids appears to be independent of the liquid chosen. 

The tolerances for the amount of fibres, determined on the basis of cross-sectional area should be agreed prior to production. 

Pittman CU, Jiang W, He GR, Gardner SD, Oxygen plasma and isobutylene plasma treatments of carbon fibre Determination of surface functionality and effects on composite properties, Carbon, 36(1-2), 25-37, 1998. 

Park SJ, Donnet JB, Anodic surface treatment on carbon fibres Determination of acid base interaction parameter between two identical solid surfaces in a composite system, J Colloid Interface Sci, 206(1), 29-32, 1998. 

Shih studied the thermal behavior of an epoxy resin reinforced with water bamboo husks fibres and powders [42]. The char yield increased from 8.9 % for the epoxy resin to 10.1-13.6 % for the composites containing 10 % bamboo fibres or powder. The results showed that the addition of bamboo powder or fibres to epoxy systems would raise the char yield of the sample, therefore could improve the flame retardancy of these materials. Similar results were obtained in the case of Phormium tenax fibres reinforced epoxy composites, containing 20 % fibres. The presence of plant fibres determined an increase of the composites thermal stability, due to the improved fibre-matrix interactions [43]. 

ISO DIS 10548, Carbon fibres—Determination of size content and size amount, 2002. 

Esterase Cladosporium cladosporioides Film, fibrs Determination of tensile strength, viscoelasticity, extension behavior, viscosity Hydrolysis, change of physical properties [93]... 

Another type of rheometer with parallel plates was designed and tested by Kuder et al. (2007) to evaluate the rheological behaviour of the fibre-reinforced cement matrices that are too stiff for testing with ordinary rheometers as shown in Figure 12.3. It appeared from the tests of fibre-reinforced mortars that at lower fibre amounts the properties of the mix were decided by the matrix and the fibres only reduced its yield stress and viscosity. At higher fibre contents, the mechanical interlocking and entangling of fibres determined the mix behaviour. Similar influence of the fibres may be expected for concrete mixes also. 

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