Force to break

Crushing and grinding uses mechanical force to break larger particles into smaller ones. A variety of tools are used depending on the particle s size and hardness. Large particles are crushed using jaw crushers capable of reducing particles to diameters of a few millimeters. Ball mills, disk mills, and mortars and pestles are used to further reduce particle size. 

To obtain G, (Tfibrii is set equal to the failure stress CTfibrii = fe, where is the force to break or pull-out a chain, /b or /p... 

In the shear bond strength test, the cement slurry is allowed to cure in the annulus of two concentric steel cylinders. After curing the force to break the bond between the set cement and one of the cylinders (usually the inner one)... 

Certainly therefore a time may come when scientists will be forced to break away entirely from law and order and try, as Mr. Schachner shows in this marvelous story, to create by illegal means a new world, nearer to their heart s desire. (821)... 

In the body of a liquid, intermolecular forces pull the molecules in all directions. At the surface of the liquid, the molecules pull down into the body of the liquid and from the sides. There are no molecules above the surface to pull in that direction. The effect of this unequal attraction is that the liquid tries to minimize its surface area. The minimum surface area for a given quantity of matter is a sphere. In a large pool of liquid, where sphere formation is not possible, the surface behaves as if it had a thin stretched elastic membrane or skin over it. The surface tension is the resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area. It requires force to break the attractive forces at the surface. The greater the intermolecular force, the greater the surface tension. Polar liquids, especially those that utilize hydrogen bonding, have a much higher surface tension than nonpolar liquids. 

Slow-moving molecules may collide without enough force to break bonds. In this case, they cannot react to form product molecules... 

As an aside, we mention that fiber strength (tenacity) and stiffness are usually expressed in units of grains per denier or grains per tex (i.e., grams force to break a one-denier or one-tex liber). This is because the cross-sectional area of some fibers, like those made from copolymers of acrylonitrile, is not uniform. Denier and tex are the weights of 9000- and lOOO-m fiber, respectively.]... 

Similar to milling processes, high-pressure homogenization uses high shear forces to break down particles in suspension. Typically, piston-gap homogenizers (Fig. 5) are used at pressures up to 2000 bar. 

Johanson developed a very simple device they called the Johanson Indicizer system, or the Johanson Hang-up Indicizer, which they claim can predict material bridging in a hopper. This device was reviewed by Bell et al. In private conversations Johanson stated that they have employed this device with a number of pharmaceuticals. It simply compacts very small amounts of powder into a potential bridge and measures the force to break the bridge and allow the powder to flow. It is not designed to give any detailed information on the powder but only provides a test for powder bridging. This device is commercially available. 

The last two molecules are forced to break a bonds. In the case of chlorine, the two ends are the same so you can attack either Cl atom. In MeSCl, the S-Cl bond is weaker than the C-S bond and Cl is the most electrophilic atom in the molecule. The S-Cl bond is broken and the negative charge ends up as chloride ion. 

By fitting Eq. (23) to experimental data for strong interfaces where Ojihril = 2fb we can obtain a reasonable estimate of <5 and of Q, provided that the crazing stress of the more ductile material is known. These constants can then be used to predict the value of o 6n /ac for more complicated cases where either the actual areal density of effective connecting chains or the force to break a connector is not precisely known. 

Stingrays are not aggressive by nature. They lay on the sea bottom peacefully and are -10 to spot by normal means. They sting only when stepped on or handled. Large Stingrays have enough force to break a wooden boat by lashing their tails. The venom breaks down... 

The crystal structure of an ionic compound is a lot like a well-laid brick wall. It takes a great deal of force to break a brick wall. 

The above estimates are about two hundred times the observed breaking stress. This Is a fairly common type of finding, and the usual conclusion Is that, for various reasons, such as local stress concentrations, the practical adhesion Is far smaller than the Ideal. A more specific picture Is that shown In Figure 11. Remembering the SEM photographs. If the actual Ice-polymer boundary is wavy In contour, the local force, to break the interface Is reduced by the slope of the interface relative to the general plane. If this slope Is about 0.005 breaking forces of the order found would be predicted. 

A. Finger pressure between thumb and forefinger relative force to break gel Inexpensive... 

Mother Bob When the fossilized T. rex, nicknamed Bob, was recovered in 2003 from a remote section of Montana by paleontologists, the bones were encased in plaster for protection during transport. However, the bones and plaster weighed more than the helicopter could lift. So the paleontologists were forced to break the intact thighbone to move the dinosaur out of the remote area. Schweitzer took small fragments from the broken thighbone for further study. 

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