Fiber various types, comparison

Ghae H G, Sreekumax T V, Uchida T and Kumar S (2005) A comparison of reinforcement efficiency of various types of carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile fiber, Polymer 46 10925-10935. 

This aqueous suspension of fibers is formed into a mat in the next step, called formation. Here the slurry is fed to a head box that evenly disperses a layer on a porous belt where the fibers are collected. At the same time the water is allowed to drain off or is drained via vacuum assist. The speed of the belt, in comparison to the feed rate of the liquid from the head box, will determine the basis weight of the material. The various types of equipment used include fourdriniers, rotoformers, and inclined wires. As the mat leaves the formation step, the web is still 60 to 80 wt% water and has limited strength [24]. 

Common types of membrane materials used are listed in Table 3. This gets us into the concept of geometry. There are three types of modules generally used, namely Tubular, Spiral wound, and Hollow fiber. A comparison of the various geometries is given in Table 4. 

Compared to the great diversity in proposed fiber optic sensor ideas, the types of fiber optic thermometers that are commercially available are actually quite few. Though several reports have been given by a major manufacture 68> 69) reviewing various existing commercial systems, cross-comparisons between the performances of these systems are rarely made. 

Story, J.A. and Kritchevsky, D. 1976. Comparison of the binding of various bile acids and bile salts in vitro by several types of fiber. J. Nutr. 106, 1292-1294. 

All these types have commercial nicbee in which they dominate, but gcoerally ihare is overlap in tbe utility of the various configurations. Large volumes of feed are processed in either dun-channel devices (capillary, spiral, plate-and-fiame) or open-channel devices (tubes). By comparison, open-channel devices are robust, tolerant of debris, expensive, and big thin-channal devices ate intolerant of debris (especially fibers), more compact, and less expensive. Laboraloty-scale equipment is usually stirred cell or mini-thin channel. 

Table I. Comparison of Properties for Various Fiber Types...

The rules for fiber or structure counting in TEM have gradually become more complicated with the recognition of the needs of different types, and matrices of different types containing various arrangements of fibers. In addition, there has been a need to recognize that the fiber numbers in such arrangements need to be coimted carefully to provide refiable comparisons between samples and laboratories. It is necessary to read the ISO draft documents to coimt fibers properly. 

Flaving determined that a fiber is either of animal or vegetable origin, examination imder a 10-20 x microscope is often sufficient to identify it. If, for example, one has an animal fibeq comparison of the specimen with a known, previously moimted standard allows one to readily differentiate the various fur and hair fibers. Wool is easily distinguished from camel hair or rabbit fur by the types of scales and size of medulla. Further comparison with samples taken from different breeds of sheep will yield a more exact... 

LMP, the construction and applications of which have been described elsewhere is some detail (1-3). In the present work, LMP treatments have been performed on substrates of aromatic polyamides, notably du Pont "Kevlar". The excellent mechanical properties of Kevlar fibers and of structures based on this fiber have been well documented, as have some of their shortcomings (4, 5). Our concern is with the apparent difficulty of bonding Kevlar with adhesives of the epoxy and triazine type. A comparison study was carried out for bond strengths in laminates based on control Kevlar multifilament cloth and for similar structures using Kevlar subjected to plasma treatments. The results of that study are reported here, along with complementary data on the various effects of plasma treatment. 

It is not unlikely that there may be some confusion in the reader s mind, after going through so many ways of area classifications, again, each class further divided according to material types. Also, these are not uniform across standards. For example, in ATEX for dust in mines, and other than mines, have different representations and ignitable fibers mentioned in the United States standard is not separately treated in other standard. In order to circumvent the situation, a small comparative study has been presented after, so the reader can understand the same properly. In order to supplement Table X/3.2.3-3, at this point some detailed comparisons of various standards have been presented in Table APII/2.2-1 and Fig. APII/2.2-1 (mainly for enclosure class) to get a better grasp on the issue about applicability (as per location/ country). 

Beyond paints, fibers, and other polymers, PGC has been applied in the forensic science laboratory to characterize and compare a number of different types of material submitted as evidence in criminal casework. The utility of PGC for the characterization of adhesives has been described (253,272), as well as various methods for the comparison of tapes with adhesive backings (273). Vinyl tile with an asphalt-type glue from a safe-cracking case was analyzed by PGC (274). Williams and Munson (275) used capillary column PGC to examine 30 black... 

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