Labels, fertilizer

Farmers and farm workers are potentially exposed to agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides and fertilizers. Labels are the primary source of information. Visual symbols and orally communicated information are particularly important in the agricultural setting. An MSDS may not be readily available or easily understood. 

The fertilizer labeling system indicates the percentage by weight of nitrogen (N), phosphorus as P2O5. and potassium as K O (potash). None of the pure elements are present in the fertilizer. Each element is present in some compound. None of the reference substances are present in the fertilizer bag either. 

In the United States the analytical methods approved by most states are ones developed under the auspices of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (3). Penalties for analytical deviation from guaranteed analyses vary, even from state to state within the United States (4). The legally accepted analytical procedures, in general, detect the solubiUty of nitrogen and potassium in water and the solubiUty of phosphoms in a specified citrate solution. Some very slowly soluble nutrient sources, particularly of nitrogen, are included in some specialty fertilizers such as turf fertilizers. The slow solubihty extends the period of effectiveness and reduces leaching losses. In these cases, the proportion and nature of the specialty source must be detailed on the labeling. 

Ammonium nitrate fertilizer was priced at about 137/t in bulk in June 1991. The DOT label required is OXY the United Nations number is UN... 

Birds and animals are tagged so that their wanderings and ultimate fate can be followed. To do the same for nitrogen fertilizer, we use the heavy isotope of nitrogen, as a tag or label . This is a safe isotope to use because it is not radioactive. The of the label is taken up by the crop, incorporated in the soil s... 

Figure 1 Fate of N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer applied to a winter wheat erop. (Taken from Maedonald et...

The best overall recovery of labelled fertilizer in crop and soil was 99% and the leastsatisfactory 65%. Thus 1-35% ofthe labelled nitrogen, onaverage 15.7%, was missing, presumed lost . These losses occurred between the time of the fertilizer application in spring and the time the crop was harvested but why and how did they occur ... 

Up to Harvest. Oilseed rape and field beans are used as break crops for winter wheat on a variety of soils, and potatoes are used on the lighter soils. Sugar beet may also be grown, but this depends not only on the soil but also on the proximity of a sugar beet processing factor. Four Rothamsted-based experiments compared the effectiveness of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape in their use of labelled nitrogen fertilizer. Potatoes were included in two of these experiments and sugar beet and field beans in one experiment each. Two criteria based on the... 

Percentage of labelled fertilizer nitrogen left in soil at harvest, and percentage increase in soil mineral nitrogen at harvest caused by fertilizer ... 

Fertilizer. The label 5-10-5 on the bag means that the fertilizer has 5% nitrogen. 

Nitric acid, HN03, is extensively used in the manufacture of fertilizer. A bottle containing 75.0 mL of nitric acid solution is labeled 6.0 M HN03. 

In vivo labeling of sea urchin eggs revealed that fertilization results in an eightfold increase in 32P orthophosphate incorporation into tyrosine residues of egg proteins because of an increase in the activity of plasma membrane-bound tyrosine protein kinases (Ribot et al., 1984). Tyrosine phosphorylation is therefore believed to be an important step in the events following fertilization. 

Pivotal pre-approval safety and efficacy was assessed in a randomized, open label, multicentre study of infertile females undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The primary efficacy parameter was the mean number of oocytes retrieved, which (at 13.6) was similar to the number retrieved when urinary-derived hCG was used. Serious potential side effects can include ovarian over/hyper-stimulation, sometimes with pulmonary or vascular complications. The product is marketed by Serono Inc. 

At present most of the pesticide and fertilizer storehouses are in a very bad condition. None of them answer to environmental and sanitary demands. Transportation, usage, distribution and storage of chemicals are not regulated. Hazardous chemicals are in sale everywhere - in the market, on the roads, in the boxes with food products, often without labeling. It is impossible to control chemicals. There is not a special waste disposal. 

Preparations containing >0,5% lead chromate are required to be labelled according to EU Guideline 67/548/EEC (Annex I) as toxic (Symbol skull and crossbones) and beside others with the Risk phrases R 40 (limited evidence of carcinogenic effect), R 61 (may cause harm to the unborn child) and R 62 (possible risk of impaired fertility). 

Commercial bagged compost Variable fertility check labels. Dig in or mulch. 

Sulfuric acid comes in different grades technical, which is colored and contains impurities but which can be used to make fertilizer, steel, and bulk chemicals certified pure (CP) and U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). The last two are used to make batteries, rayon, dyes, and drugs. Rubber or lead-lined containers can be used for dilute acid iron, steel, or glass can be used for concentrated acid. Shipments require a white DOT label. 

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