Female pubertal

Rodent 20-day pubertal female with thyroid age of rats at time of vaginal opening. 

In support of this contention, the carrier protein Aphrodisin makes an early appearance in vaginal secretions. In pre-pubertal hamsters, it thus indicates chemosensory preparation for the onset of female maturity (Magert, 1999). The proven ability of the AOS to modulate the CNS-pituitary-gonadal axis by advancing or retarding endocrine activity (Chap. 5), underlines its role as primarily the chemosensor of the reproductive system. The adaptive consequence of responses, which allows an avoidance of premature breeding, or of a postponement of puberty, would seem to be advantageous. 

Chongthammakun S, Teresawa E (1993) Negative feedback effects of estrogen on luteinizinghormone-releasinghormone release occur in pubertal, but not prepubertal, ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 132 735-743... 

A variety of kinds of evidence have linked emotional behavior to hormones. Two conditions, the menstrual cycle and menopause, have been the focus of a great deal of research on human behavior. In addition, gender differences in the prevalence of mental illnesses have been used as indirect evidence for possible hormonal effects on emotional disorders. For example, depression is more common in women than in men. In contrast, a pubertal onset of schizophrenia is more common in males than females (Hafner, et al., 1993), although the lifetime occurrence of schizophrenia is approximately equal in men and women (Seeman, 1996). Effects of hormones on emotional lability in men are described above in the context of aggression. 

Hershberger assay Please see Section 4.11.2.1 Pubertal female assay Female rats during sexual maturation... 

A "catch-up" phenomenon is being hypothesized for female adolescents ingesting less than adequate Ca levels during the pubertal growth... 

ERa Transcriptional Activation AR Binding1 Steroidogenesis H295R Aromatase Recombinant In vivo Uterotrophic Hershberger Pubertal Male Pubertal Female Amphibian Metamorphosis Fish Short-term Reproduction (male female)... 

Postweaning CR (weight was 50% of AL rats) from 21 days of age in female rats markedly delays pubertal onset. All AL rats reach puberty by 45 days of age, but only 10% of CR rats do so by 80 days [58]. Similar conclusions are found for puberty onset in male rats [59], but the susceptibility of pubertal development to CR appears to be greater in female than male rodents [60],... 

Bronson FH. Food-restricted, prepubertal, female rats Rapid recovery of luteinizing hormone pulsing with excess food, and full recovery of pubertal development with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 1986 118 2483-2487. 

Laws, S.C., J.M. Ferrell, T.E. Stoker, J. Schmid, and R.L. Cooper (2000). The effects of atrazine on female Wistar rats An evaluation of the protocol for assessing pubertal development and thyroid function. Toxicol. Sci., 58 366-376. 

Any detailed examination on intrauterine development, sex differentiation, and pubertal development is beyond the scope of this discussion. Highly specialised methods need to be applied, and there is usually no indication for such effects from the early regulatory toxicology studies (28 days in rats and dogs). The special aspects of toxicological findings with xenobiotics have been reviewed for the female reproductive tract... 

Marty MS, Crissman JW, Carney EW (2001) Evaluation of the male pubertal assay s ability to detect thyroid inhibitors and dopaminergic agents. Toxicol Sci 60 63-76 Newbold RR (1999) Hormonal Mechanisms in Female Reproductive Tract Toxicity In Harvey PW, Rush KC, Cockbum A (eds) Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology. John Wiley Sons, England, pp 407-418... 

The immunoassays were biased towards either lower or higher values, or they overestimated or underestimated serum T levels. The results confirmed previously published opinions that for the immunoassays, adult male reference ranges need to be established in each individual laboratory, as opposed to being provided by the automated instrument manufacturer. At low concentrations, the immunoassays were biased and suffered from a lack of precision and accuracy. Therefore, it seemed that they cannot be used to measure T levels accurately in serum from females or pre-pubertal males, unless those level are abnormally high. 

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