Federal government and

Massive studies of the health problems associated with fats have included the Anti-Coronary Club study in New York City (2), the Framingham study (3) in Massachusetts, and the Chicago study (4). These studies were financed by the United States federal government and supported by the Surgeon General s office, which issued a statement recommending that the fat component of the diet be reduced from an estimated 40% of calories to 30% (5). 

Administratively, the genesis of these Laboratories, which initially were called Interdisciplinary Research Laboratories and later. Materials Research Laboratories, involved many complications, most of them in Washington, not least when in 1972 responsibility for them was successfully transferred to the National Science Foundation (NSF). As Sproull cynically remarks To those unfamiliar with the workings of federal government (and especially Capitol Hill), transfer of a program sounds simple, but it is simple only if the purpose of transfer is to kill the program . 

It is characteristic of U S. labor markets for scientific and engineering persormel to experience severe shortages and overcompensating excesses. Now is the time for the federal government and tmiversities to build a research and education base in academia that can respond flexibly and efficiently to the persormel demands that will inevitably come. Now is the time to prepare a cadre of chemical engineers who will interact as easily and successfully with life scientists as chemical engineers cmrently do with chemists and physicists. 

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. 

One of the difficulties encountered by producers of economic poisons has been the preparation of labeling which will comply with the laws and regulations of both the Federal Government and the various states in which the product is marketed. This difficulty has been aggravated by differences in interpretation by different enforcement officials. The Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act recognizes this difficulty and authorizes the... 

Cooperation is imperative in this process, and education and outreach go hand-in-hand with consensus building. Community meetings are part of the process and an understanding of the First Nations cultural landscape is an importantasset. Some of the proposed protected areas also play in land claim settlements between the federal government and First Nations people. 

In the August 2006 decision of a suit between the US federal government and major US cigarette manufacturers, federal Judge Gladys Kessler concluded that tobacco manufacturers ... 

ROBERT E. KREBS has written seven books for Greenwood Press. He has taught chemistry, biology, and other sciences at several schools and universities. Dr. Krebs has served as a science specialist in the federal government and a research administrator for four universities. He retired as Associate Dean for Research in the Graduate College at the Medical Center of the University of Illinois at Chicago. 

This case has a number of important features. From the point of view of challenging gun control, it should be noted that the Second Amendment played no part in the challenge. Unless the Supreme Court revisits its view of the Second Amendment, challenges to federal gun control laws are likely to be based on the Commerce Clause or federalism (the division of powers between the federal government and the states, as in Printz et al. v. U.S.). 

The operation of these four treatment plants generates approximately 260 dry tons/day of sludge. Since November of 1987, the method of ocean disposal of this sludge has ceased. This has left the City with various land disposal options. With these disposal options comes specific pollutant concentrations established by the federal government and which may not be exceeded if this sludge is to be used for alternative uses or disposed of in a sanitary landfill. 

As a result of atmospheric pollution levels that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in many parts of the United States, both the federal government and the State of California have implemented standards for exhaust and evaporative emissions from new vehicles (see Exhaust control, AUTOMOTIVE). The first of these standards went into effect in 1968 and mandated that the vapors from the vehicle crankcase be routed back through the engine and burned. Since then, the standards have continued to grow stricter. Table 7 shows the federal exhaust emission standards and Table 8 shows the more stringent California standards. California has mandated that starting in 1998 a certain percentage of new vehicles sales must be zero emissions vehicles (ZEV). 

This report identifies technical hurdles and opportunities and discusses the role that government and academia can play in overcoming the nontechnical barriers to successful research, development, and transfer of these technologies to the ocean science community. Major conclusions and recommendations, discussed in detail at the end of this report, fall into two major categories, the role of the federal government and the role of academic scientists. Achievement of the recommendations will require cooperative activities between the federal government, industry, and academia (NRC, 1992). 

Superfund A program funded by the US federal government and managed by the US Environmental Protection Agency to remediate seriously contaminated sites in the United States. 

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