Fatty acid trans monounsaturated acids

Interesting research assessing the influence of select nutrients on apo A-I expression has been published (reviewed in Mooradian et al.36). Among some of the nutrients associated with decreased expression of the apo A-I gene in cell culture or animal models are polyunsaturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, glucose, antioxidant vitamins, and zinc deficiency. In contrast, monounsaturated fatty acids, soy proteins, alcohol, and copper deficiency are associated with increased expression of the human apo A-I gene. 

Trans-Fatty Acids Tmns-fatty acids (TFAs) are either monounsaturated fatty acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids with one or more double bonds in the tranj -configuration. TFAs have a shape comparable with that of saturated fatty acids. Consequently, they have a higher melting point than the corresponding cw-isomers. 

Printing Office, 2010. EFSA. Scientific opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyimsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal. 2010,8(3) l46l. 

Nowadays, food scientists are including in their research and product development equations the production of snacks with minimal fat calories and fat decomposition products to counter contents known to have adverse effects on human health. At the same time they seek to produce snacks with similar sensory properties (flavor, texture, and overall acceptability) compared to the norm. A healthful balance of fatty acids (saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated and omega 6 omega 3) and the production of snacks free of trans fatty acids are taken into consideration. 

See also Antioxidants Diet and Antioxidant Defense. Coronary Heart Disease Lipid Theory Prevention. Fatty Acids Metabolism Monounsaturated Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Saturated Trans Fatty Acids. 

Argentation—GLC Individual trans fatty acids Saturated, monounsaturated, and diunsaturated fatty acids can be resolved Method is time-consuming... 

In comparison with the effects of oleic and linoleic fatty acids, Cig monounsaturated trans fatty acids raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol levels. 

However, if declarations are made about polyunsaturates, monounsat-urates or cholesterol the amount of saturates must also be given. Here, science has moved on from the time when saturated fats were the fats to avoid to advice to avoid trans fatty acids and to prefer monounsaturated fat to polyunsaturated fats. 

The common fatty acids have a linear chain containing an even number of carbon atoms, which reflects that the fatty acid chain is built up two carbon atoms at a time during biosynthesis. The structures and common names for several common fatty acids are provided in table 18.1. Fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acids contain only carbon-carbon single bonds and are termed saturated. Other fatty acids such as oleic acid contain a single carbon-carbon double bond and are termed monounsaturated. Note that the geometry around this bond is cis, not trans. Oleic acid is found in high concentration in olive oil, which is low in saturated fatty acids. In fact, about 83% of all fatty acids in olive oil is oleic acid. Another 7% is linoleic acid. The remainder, only 10%, is saturated fatty acids. Butter, in contrast, contains about 25% oleic acid and more than 35% saturated fatty acids. 

Herbicide-resistant and pesticide-resistant crops should avoid soil erosion and limit the spread of synthetic herbicides and pesticides. Modified crops may also provide heat-stable monounsaturated oleic acid, avoiding the problem of heat-unstable poljainsaturated fetty acids that give unhealthy trans-fatty acids as side products of industrial hydrogenation (Mazur 1999). On the longer term, biotechnology may also provide renewable fuel and raw chemicals that may replace petroleum. 

The flavour of distillates from apple and pear is characterised by typical aroma compounds from these fruits formed by enzymatic degradation of fatty acids to C6-fragments like hexanol, trans-2-hexenol, as well as ethyl esters and acetates of hexanoic acid. In distillates of pears, especially of the variety Bartlett pear, the characteristic pear flavour is mainly dominated by the ethyl and methyl esters of frans-2-czs-4-decadienoic acid and trans-2-trans-A-decadienoic acid [27-29], The biogenesis of these monounsaturated, diunsaturated, and triunsaturated esters may be explained by -oxidation of unsaturated linoleic and linolenic acid in the fruits. The sesquiterpene compound a-farnesene, which is formed during postharvest ripening and storage of Bartlett pears [28], shows that quality and intensity of distilled pear spirits is mainly influenced by the quality and degree of ripeness of the fruits. 

Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids The oxidation of unsatu rated fatty acids provides less energy than that of saturated fatly I acids because they are less highly reduced and, therefore, tom I reducing equivalents can be produced from these structured Oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as 18 1(9) (deb acid) requires one additional enzyme, 3,2-enoyl CoA isomeras which converts the 3-cis derivative obtained after three rounds (3-oxidation to the 2-trans derivative that can serve as a substra for the hydratase. Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, sue ... 

Key concept map for the macronutrients. Note Trans fatty acids are chemically classified as monounsaturated... 

As the name anaerobic implies, the double bond of the fatty acid is inserted in the absence of oxygen. Biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids follows the pathway described previously for saturated fatty acids until the intermediate /3-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP is reached (fig. 18.15). At this point, a new enzyme, /3-hydroxydecanoyl-ACP dehydrase, becomes involved. This dehydrase can form the a-j8 trans double bond, and saturated fatty acid synthesis can occur as previously discussed. In addition, this dehydrase is capable of isomerization of the double bond to a cis /3-y double bond as shown in figure 18.15. The /3-y unsaturated fatty acyl-ACP is subsequently elongated by the normal enzymes of fatty acid synthesis to yield pal-mitoleoyl-ACP (16 1A9). The conversion of this compound to the major unsaturated fatty acid of E. coli, cA-vacccnic acid (18 1A11), requires a condensing enzyme that we have not previously discussed, /3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II, which shows a preference for palmitoleoyl-ACP as a substrate. The subsequent conversion to vaccenyl-ACP is cata-... 

Fang X, Jin F, Jin H, von Sonntag C (1998) Reaction of the superoxide radical with the A/-centered radical derived from N-acetyltryptophan methyl ester. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2 259-263 Ferreri C, Costantino C, Landi L, Mulazzani QG, Chatgilialoglu C (1999) The thiyl radical-mediated isomerisation of c/s-monounsaturated fatty acid residues in phospholipids a novel path of membrane damage Chem Commun 407-408... 

Fontanillas, R., Barroeta, A., Baucells, M.D., and Guardiola, F. 1998. Backfat fatty acid evolution in swine fed diets high in either cij-monounsaturated, trans, or (n-J)fats. J. Anim Sci. 76, 1045-1055. 

Mensink, R.P., Katan, M.B. 1993. Trans monounsaturated fatty acid in nutrition and their impact on serum lipoprotein levels. Prog. Lipid Res., 32, 111-122. 

Catalyzed cis/trans isomerization of lipid double bonds in monounsaturated fatty acids... 

Cis versus trans. Why are most unsaturated fatty acids found in phospholipids in the cis rather than the trans conformation Draw the structure of a 16-carbon fatty acid as saturated, trans monounsaturated, and cis monounsaturated. 

Unsaturated fatty acids, which contain one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds, are the most chemically reactive and those with the most double bonds are the most reactive. A fatty acid containing only one double bond is called monounsaturated the most notable is oleic (C18 l). When a fatty acid contains more than one double bond, it is identified as polyunsaturated. The notable polyunsaturated fatty acids are the essential fatty acids linoleic (C18 2) and linolenic (C18 3). These fatty acids are essential in the sense that the human body needs them and yet cannot either synthesize at all or in sufficient quantities. In nature, the double bonds are di-form, which has both hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond. Tmns-foim fatty acids, with the hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond, are thermodynamically more stable. Trans-fatty acids are c/i-form fatty acids that have been isomerized by oxidation or hydrogenation (72). 

Fig. (2). double bond configuration in fatty acid chains, (a) stearic acid (Cis-o) saturated (b) oleic acid (C jjin-9) monounsaturated containing one cisi-double bond, (c) elaidic acid (Cis i) monounsaturated containing one trans-doubie bond... 

D. Effects of Monounsaturated, Saturated, and Trans Fatty Acids on Immune and Inflammatory Responses... 

D. EFFECTS OF MONOUNSATURATED, SATURATED, AND TRANS FATTY ACIDS ON IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES... 

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