Father of physical chemistry

About the time that Ostwald moved to Leipzig, he established contact with two scientists who are regarded today as the other founding fathers of physical chemistry a Dutchman, Jacobus van t Hoff (1852-1911) and a Swede, Svante Arrhenius (1859 1927). Some historians would include Robert Bunsen (1811-1899) among the founding fathers, but he was really concerned with experimental techniques, not with chemical theory. 

Like all other scientific concepts, that of an element has changed its meaning many times and in many ways during the development of science. Thus wrote Wilhelm Ostwald (the father of physical chemistry and a positivist philosopher) in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. This was a time of dramatic developments in physics and chemistry within a few years, even the most entrenched positivists were beginning to believe in the real existence of atoms and subatomic particles. 

Who went on to get the Nobel prize in Chemistry inl920, and together with Arrhenius and Ostwald was one of the founding fathers of physical chemistry. 

Odesa State University at Chair of Physical Chemistry. Oganes Davtjan is the Father of Ukrainian Fuel Cells Ukrainian Fuel Cells were bom in Odesa. 

Hammett, who is arguably the father of physical organic chemistry, proposed that the ionisation of benzoic acids could be used as a chemical model system to characterise the electronic properties of different substituents. In the Hammett equation (eqn (8.1)), the reaction is characterised by a reaction constant, p, which quantifies the sensitivity of that particular reaction to the electronic effect of the substituent, which itself is described by a substituent constant, a ... 

Gilbert Lewis made major contributions to several fields of physical chemistry. He was bom in Weymouth, Massachusetts. His father was a lawyer and banker. 

Walther Hermann Nemst, the great German scientist, Nobel laureate in Chemistry, and father of the Third Law of Thermodynamics, had two Florentine disciples Luigi Rolla and Giorgio Piccardi. The latter became professor of physical chemistiy at the University of Florence. Piccardi had studied fluctuating phenomena well before Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003). His best disciple, later successor, was Enzo Ferroni who, upon Piccardi s retirement, was promoted to the Chair of Physical Chemistry at the Universily of Florence. Ferroni had also served as director of the Department of Chemistiy and Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Universily of Cagliari, Sardinia. 

Gibbs Josiah Willard (1839-1903) US. phys., father of thermodynamics of heterogeneous substances where he established theoretical basis of physical chemistry (Gibbs phase rule), vector analysis in crystallography, statistical mechanics, even patented railroad brake Glauber Johann Rudolph (1604—1670)... 

Walter Stockmayer was bom in Rutherford, New Jersey, on April 7, 1914 [3, 4]. His father was organic chemist and stimulated his interest in chemistry. As undergraduate student of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT (1933-1935) he became interested in the mathematical aspects of physical chemistry. From 1935 to 1937, a Rhodes Scholarship allowed him to work at the university of Oxford on gas kinetics with D. L. Chapman. After returning to the MIT he was teaching fellow for 1 year, and completed his studies with the Ph.D. in 1940. He continued his academic career at MIT as Research Fellow until 1941, when he moved to Columbia University as instmctor for 2 years. Afterwards, he returned to MIT as Assistant Professor until 1946, and was appointed as the Associate Professor until 1952. He was entitled Professor of Physical Chemistry... 

Physical chemistry began to prosper partly from institutional and industrial causes. Some students who set out to study organic chemistry in the late nineteenth century were dissuaded from their aim by overcrowded conditions in the instructional and research laboratories. One example is Arthur A. Noyes, who was to establish the first physical chemistry research laboratory in America at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He set out for Germany in 1888 with his friend Samuel Mulliken, father of the later theoretical and quantum chemist, Robert Mulliken. 

Robert Lespieau s aim to establish a disciplinary specialization of "chemical theories" in France was partially realized in the work of some of his students, especially Dupont, Prevost, and Kirrmann. For the first time, a clearly defined research school in France practiced the art of "theoretical chemistry" in their study of organic structure and reaction mechanisms. They self-consciously employed physical methods and apparatus, and they stayed in contact with a small network of physicists who were teachers, friends of Lespieau, or immediate colleagues. They had a laboratory terrain that was the home meeting place, no matter what their current affiliation. They had a common history that could be traced back generation by generation in the Ecole Normale laboratory to Berthollet, the "father" of chemical mechanics. 

As we have seen, an important indicator of evolving disciplinary identity lies in changing citations of father figures by practicing scientists, both in the larger framework of physics and chemistry and in the finer framework within chemistry. Consider the case of Isaac Newton. 

Under his father s tutelage until age 16, Sadi entered the Ecole Polytechnique (which his father had helped to found) to pursue a career in military engineering. However, the continued political turmoil, including his father s exile after the Battle of Waterloo, brought considerable disappointment and frustration to the self-effacing young military officer. He thereupon took retirement from active military service in 1818 to pursue personal studies in Paris, with roommate Hippolyte. Sadi s broad interests in mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural history, literature, music, and athletics were combined with... 

Rosicrucians were indeed mystics, but their studies were above all of a purely physical and experimental character their association of mysticism and chemistry was founded upon analogies the truth of which could be demonstrated in the laboratory and duly verified by the physical senses. No metaphysical proposition was accepted by them which could not be fully confirmed by scientific demonstrations, according to the practice of Roger Bacon, the father of the experimental method. 

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