Fatalities total

Condensate leakage caused explosion which impacted safety systems and spread incident 167 Fatalities, total facility loss estimated at 1,000,000,000. 

Catastrophic One or more fatalities, total system loss, chemical release with lasting environmental or puhhc health impact. 

Many organizations have driven the level of workplace and work-related accidents down to very low levels, but recent statistics suggest a current overall increase in accident levels. The number of injuries at work in the year to April 1997 has reached thehighest level since 1989/90 (seeTable 1.1). Fatality totals and rates rose, after falling for more than seven successive years and as can be seen in Table 1.2, major injuries more than doubled... 

A fatal accident and some other disasters, which were caused by small cracks, lead to a more strict consideration of the security of these steam drums. Parallel to these the economical pressure, due to the globalisation of the today s industry, lead to the increase of the pressure and the rotation speed of the paper production machines for a higher output of the production, which means, that all safety aspects from the design and the material will be exploited totally. On the other hand cast iron is also not a ductile and comfortable material, like the most steels for the pressure equipment. 

Clinically, GM-CSF or G-CSF have been used to accelerate recovery after chemotherapy and total body or extended field irradiation, situations that cause neutropenia and decreased platelets, and possibly lead to fatal septic infection or diffuse hemorrhage, respectively. G-CSF and GM-CSF reproducibly decrease the period of granulocytopenia, the number of infectious episodes, and the length of hospitalization in such patients (152), although it is not clear that dose escalation of the cytotoxic agent and increased cure rate can be rehably achieved. One aspect of the effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF is that these agents can activate mature cells to function more efficiently. This may, however, also lead to the production of cytokines, such as TNF- a, that have some toxic side effects. In general, both cytokines are reasonably well tolerated. The side effect profile of G-CSF is more favorable than that of GM-CSF. Medullary bone pain is the only common toxicity. 

IR y = total individual risk of fatality at geographical location x,y... 

IR.i.y.i = individual risk of fatality at geographical location x,y from incident outcome case i n = total number of incident outcome cases... 

Equation 1,4-7 is unsatisfactory because the risk from a large number of small accidents is the same as from a small number of large accidents if the total number of effects, say fatalities, is the same for each case. It is hypothesized that the perceived risk of a large accident is greater than the equivalent risk from many small accidents because of human nature and the emphasis of the news services on the unusual (50,OCX) traffic deaths per year is not newsworthy, but a single accident killing 50,000 is very newsworthy). 

Figure 1.4.3-1 from WASH-1400 compares the risk of 100 nuclear plants with other man-caused risks. This is a CCDF that gives the frequency per year that accidents will L-xcccd a value on the abscissa. For example, for 100 fatalities, the frequency that 100 nuclear power plants could do this is lE-4, air crashes to persons on the ground lE-2, chlorine releases 1. IE-2, dam failures 7E-2, explosions SF-2, fires 1. IE-1, air crashes (total) 5E-1, and total man-caused 9E-1,... 

The public consequences were significantly lower public than expected for a typical commercial LWR primarily because of the large distance to the public (>6 miles) and dispersal afforded by the height of the stack. The mean frequencies per year for offsite early fatalities are Internal Events 9.7E-13, Fire 3.8E-9, Seismic 2.2E-8, and Total 3.1E-9. For offsite latent cancer fatalities the results are Internal Events - 4.1E-3, Fire - 4.2E-3, Seismic - 6.0E-2, Total - 6.8E-2. For onsite early fatalities the results are Internal Events l.OE-6, Fire 8.3E-5, Seismic 8.6E-4, and Total 9 4E-4. For onsite latent cancer fatalities the results are Internal Events 2.70-4, Fire 2 3E-4, Seismic 3.0E-3, and Total 3.5E-3. 

An initial explosion occurred on the production deck of the Piper Alpha Offshore Platform in the North Sea at about 1 00 PM on July 6,1988. The incident escalated into a tragedy that cost the lives of 165 of the 225 persons on the platform. Two additional fatalities occurred on a rescue boat. The Piper Alpha Platform was totally devastated. 

In the production of TNT from the reaction between toluene and mixed acids (nitric/sulfuric), TeNMe forms in amounts between 0.2—0.4% of the total wt of TNT. This TeNMe has been held responsible for several expins which have occurred in TNT plants, causing fatal injuries to personnel and severe damage to facilities. These expins were attributed to the presence of TeNMe in the acid fume lines and the acid storage tanks. Mixts of TeNMe and readily oxidizable materials are known to form very powerful and sensitive expl mixts. Since TeNMe is also isolated from the nitration of Nitrobenzene (NB), the TeNMe formed in the nitration of toluene may arise from the oxidation of the aromatic ring and/or methyl group. In an effort to gain more informa-. tion on the origin of TeNMe from TNT production, radioactive carbon-14 (14C) was used as a tracer to determine the extent to which each of the carbon atoms in the toluene skeleton of the various nitro-substituted isomers contributes to... 

Fatal infantile cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) deficiency is characterized by total absence of catalytic activity in skeletal muscle. This often occurs within the context of the Fanconi syndrome, or less commonly in association with a cardiomyopathy. Although the deficiency is global in skeletal muscle, with all fibers affected, only isolated scattered fibers show abnormal aggregations of mitochondria (ragged-red fibers). Multiple affected siblings within one family are frequently encountered and suggest autosomal recessive inheritance. The condition normally proves fatal before the age of six months and is characterized by worsening intractable lactic acidemia. 

Renal Effects. Hemorrhage of the medullary layer of the kidneys was observed in an early report of three fatal cases of acute oral poisoning with endosulfan (Terziev et al. 1974). More recent studies have reported acute renal failure after ingestion of endosulfan as a major contributing cause of death in two individuals in both cases, postmortem examination showed extensive tubular necrosis (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992 Lo et al. 1995). Neither case discussed the possible mechanism of endosulfan-induced acute renal failure, but in one case, the authors of the report indicate that the renal lesions may relate to sepsis and shock (Blanco-Coronado et al. 1992). Ingested doses were not determined in any of these cases, and it is not totally clear that the effects observed at autopsy were a direct result of endosulfan exposure, although based on results from acute animal studies, it seems likely. 

Barbiturates such as amobarbital inhibit NAD-hnked dehydrogenases by blocking the transfer from FeS to Q. At sufficient dosage, they are fatal in vivo. Antin cin A and dimercaprol inhibit the respiratory chain between cytochrome b and cytochrome c. The classic poisons H2S, carbon monoxide, and cyanide inhibit cytochrome oxidase and can therefore totally arrest respiration. Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. 

Use of intravenous colchicine to circumvent adverse gastrointestinal effects is discouraged due to the increased risk of serious and potentially fatal systemic effects with this route. The intravenous form should not be used in patients with moderate or more severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 50 mL/minute), and total doses should not exceed 4 mg in a 7-day period. The potential extravasation of intravenous colchicine is also a concern. 

I >10 (0.70) Probable total destruction of nonblast-resistant buildings Probable 100% fatalities... 

Summing the expected fatalities results in a total of 6.46 x 10 3 expected fatalities per year for the occupants of the cafeteria. This aggregate risk index can be inverted ... 

Total destruction and collapse Building demolished. High risk of fatality. 

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