Family stigma

Phelan JC, Bromet EJ, Link BG. 1998. Psychiatric illness and family stigma. Schizophr Bull 24 115-126. 

Sociocultural Stigma of psychiatric illness and treatments Attitudes of family and their support network Preference of traditional medicines Sociocultural values and influences... 

The stigma attached to mental illness is pervasive and affects the lives of people with mental illness. It makes the patient reluctant to come forward and ask for help. It makes rehabilitation after an episode of illness difficult. It contributes to the loss of self-esteem of the person who has the illness, a consequence that is particularly nefarious because it often blocks full recovery. Stigma also affects the members of the family, making them reluctant to admit that one of them has a mental illness and may need treatment, ft demeans institutions in which treatment is provided as well... 

The composition of cutin shows species specificity although cutin from most plants contains different types of mixtures of the C16 and C18 family of acids. Composition of cutin can vary with the anatomical location. For example, cutin preparations from fruit, leaf, stigma, and flower petal of Malus pumila contain 73%, 35%, 14%, and 12%, respectively, of hydroxy and hydroxy-epoxy C18 monomers [23]. In general, fast-growing plant organs have higher content of C16 family of monomers. 

The accrued stigma associated with the drug problem particularly concentrated around issues of childcare. It tainted everyone in the family and so was part of the dynamic by which families became socially isolated. 

The stigma associated with having a problem drug user in the family and the sense that a family problem should be resolvable within the family, usually translates into isolation and stress as families try to cope, often over... 

Corrigan PW, Watson AC, Miller FE. 2006. Blame, shame, and contamination The impact of mental illness and drug dependence stigma on family members. J Fam Psychol 20 239-246. 

The responsibility of caring for a patient usually falls on members of the family. Thus, they are not simply uninvolved bystanders. For example, it is not unusual for family members to prompt the patient to make the initial appointment with the therapist or physician. Because of the stigma of mental illness and the patient s worries about burdening family members, the family may not be fully informed on the health status of the patient. This lack of knowledge may be related to conflictual relationships in the family and a patient s preference to keep family members uninformed. 

The onset or exacerbation of a mental illness can also have a centripetal pull on families. However, because of its stigma, it can also have a centrifugal effect. For example, many patients attempt to hide their depression or anxiety to avoid burdening their families or to protect a secret, such as an affair, that is associated with the distress. Whereas a physical illness, like cancer, can lead to an outpouring of family support, the shame that accompanies mental illness can often fracture relationships and contribute to significant loneliness. When we encounter these fractured relationships, we attempt to open communication, educate the family, and increase social support. 

Scotland, which allows the defendant to go free but carries a stigma, as it not only states that the prosecution failed to prove its case, but also indicates that the defense failed to convince the jury of the defendant s innocence). Madeleine Smith walked free from the court and fled to Rowaleyn. Her engagement to William Minnoch was called off and the Smith family tried to forget about the unfortunate incident. However, public interest in the case refused to die down. 

Mental illness is frequently viewed as an embarrassment or stigma by Asian patients and their families. Asians tend to delay psychiatric care until they are seriously disturbed (Lin et al. 1982). When Asians do enter the mental health system, their psychiatric conditions often have become severe and chronic and likely require psychopharmacotherapy (Lin et al. 1982). Because Asians tend to underuse or avoid seeking psychiatric care, the general public and some health care professionals may believe that Asians are a well-adjusted "model minority" and have little or no need... 

Quality-of-life changes Loss of sense of community Loss of friends fearful to visit contaminated residences or communities Fear of early death or death of family Distrust of government or other authorities Stigma of being contaminated Fear of the destroyed area Increased smoking and eating Other lifestyle changes (e.g., unable to use local water for extended periods)... 

Saffron, derived from the stigma of Crocus sativum, of the family Iridaceae, is briefly mentioned as an anticancer agent in Pat Willard s book of the same name [2001] along with some other medicinal properties, about all of which Willard remains skeptical.)... 

Clients and their family members are faced daily with the stigma attached to mental illness. Many people view the mentaUy ill, especially people with schizophrenia, as dangerous. The use of words like maniac, schizo, and psycho by uninformed media enforces this viewpoint. The media often present the mentally ill as dangerous individuals just waiting for the opportunity to explode, when in reality people who do not have such illnesses commit 95% of all homicides. Those with schizophrenia are more likely to harm themselves than someone else (Ferriman, 2(KX)). This tendency to harm oneself often rests with the guilt that many clients feel as they blame themselves for their illness. 

Crocus sativus L (Family Iridaceae) a perennial herb, native to the Eastern Mediterranean region, is cultivated in Spain, France, Greece, Italy, India, Turkey, Iran, e.t.c. Saffron-the yellow-orange stigmas from a small purple Crocus sativus flower- is the world s most expensive spice. 

One reason is that alcohol doesn t exist in nature, instead, alcohol is a creation of mankind Our genes don t know about it. Another reason is that about 80% of alcoholics are male. Yet no one suggests that problem genes are sex-linked, such as male-pattern baldness. So I am concerned that, in an effort to remove the stigma of alcoholism from individuals and to blame their genes instead, we are stigmatizing whole families and ethnic groups. In my opinion, that s far worse. 

The potato, which originated in South America, has long had a stigma attached to it. The Spanish dispersed the potato beyond South America in the mid to late 1500s, but many people were initially reluctant to welcome the potato into their diets. This was due in part to the fact that it was known to be a member of the often toxic nightshade (Solanaceae) family, and it does indeed boast toxic leaves and stans. Also, it became associated with the lower-class population because it was easy to grow and could feed many for a relatively low cost. As a result, the upper class population avoided the potato for social reasons. 

The flower is radial with four erect, prominent sepals, and four petals which alternate with the sepals in the form of a cross (Fig. 4-3). Note the receptive surface of the stigma centered within the four inner stamens, the two outer stamens, and the four petals forming a cross from which the Cru-ciferae family derives its name. The petal color is normally pale yellow, but several shades of yellow have been identified and numerous genes have been reported to affect flower color (Morice, 1960 Alam and Aziz, 1954). There are six stamens, the two outer stamens being distinctly shorter than the inner four which surround the stigma. There are four nectaries spaced equidistant and between the two whorls of stamens. Two of the nectaries are at the base of the two outer stamens. 

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