Falsifying time

OS 94][R 13][P 74]ForadmixtureofsampleswifhvaryingconcentrationsofCo(ll) and Cu(II), the respective changes in the Co(ll) chelate complex concentration as a function of contact time were optically derived [28]. Analysis was performed in the reaction/extraction area and also in the decomposition/removal area (Figure 4.102). As expected, more complex is formed in the reaction/extraction area with increasing contact time. Also, more complex results when increasing the Co(ll) concentration at constant Cu(ll) concentration. This proves that mass transfer is efficient (as high concentrations can also be handled) and that no interference from other analytes falsifies the measurement. As a result, calibration curves were derived. 

In our opinion, the fact that republics where a very large amount of pesticides were used, such as Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, all were reported to be those with the most favorable levels of pesticide content in food indicates the data were falsified. It is also surprising that, according to official data, in Moldavia only 9% of samples containing pesticides had levels exceeding MPLs. At the same time, the frequency of pesticides being detected in food products grew from year to year, and from 1983-87 made up 3.99%, 5.59% 5.79% 8.93% and 7.96% of the studied samples [1]. 

Belle Mayer blew up. "We haven t time to do both jobs. I can understand our preparing to get some of the witnesses, but these documents are signed and witnessed, Now just because they didn t say I swear — we ll let the whole world crumble while we play legal tiddlywinks. It would be different if these papers were deliberately falsified."... 

Another problem results from high vapor pressures of relatively low-boiling solvents. With regard to the dependence on reactor geometry, it can take some time for the vapor pressure of the solvent to become established in the gas phase of the closed system. As this equilibration of vapor pressure provides a positive volume contribution (the pressure above the reaction solution increases in a closed system), measured gas consumptions can be considerably falsified not only as a function of time but also in respect of the overall balance One way to avoid this problem is to separate the gas phase above the reaction solution from the gas in the measuring burette by using a tempered bubble counter (cf. Fig. 10.3). 

The hypothesis that vitamin C will prevent scurvy is testable. Divide a population into two groups—one that has adequate vitamin C in the diet and one that has no vitamin C in the diet. Observe what happens over time. If the hypothesis is correct, the first group will be spared scurvy while the second will suffer from it. The hypothesis is falsifiable. If people have abundant vitamin C in their diet and stiU get scurvy, the hypothesis has been shown to be false. The hypothesis has predictive value if your diet lacks vitamin C, you will develop scurvy. 

Mislow and Bickart (258) have recently discussed the properties, and specified the limitations and essential features, of models that can be used for the prediction of chirality of a molecular system. In the simplified and idealized representation of molecular stracture, nonessential features are deliberately left out the model summarizes some selected aspects of the system and completely disregards or even falsifies, others. The model must be adequate to the time scale in which the phenomenon is observed. In particular, in mobile conformational systems it should refer to a time-averaged structure. In other words, the model can have a higher symmetry than that observed under static conditions (e.g., by X-ray diffraction in the crystalline state or by NMR under slow exchange conditions) (259). 

Urea-formaldehyde resins are generally prepared by condensation in aqueous basic medium. Depending on the intended application, a 50-100% excess of formaldehyde is used. All bases are suitable as catalysts provided they are partially soluble in water. The most commonly used catalysts are the alkali hydroxides. The pH value of the alkaline solution should not exceed 8-9, on account of the possible Cannizzaro reaction of formaldehyde. Since the alkalinity of the solution drops in the course of the reaction, it is necessary either to use a buffer solution or to keep the pH constant by repeated additions of aqueous alkali hydroxide. Under these conditions the reaction time is about 10-20 min at 50-60 C. The course of the condensation can be monitored by titration of the unused formaldehyde with sodium hydrogen sulfite or hydroxylamine hydrochloride. These determinations must, however, be carried out quickly and at as low temperature as possible (10-15 °C), otherwise elimination of formaldehyde from the hydroxymethyl compounds already formed can falsify the analysis. The isolation of the soluble condensation products is not possible without special precautions, on account of the facile back-reaction it can be done by pumping off the water in vacuum below 60 °C imder weakly alkaline conditions, or better by careful freeze-drying. However, the further condensation to crosslinked products is nearly always performed with the original aqueous solution. 

A promising recent development in the study of nitrenium ions has been the introduction of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy for their characterization. These methods are based on pulsed laser photolysis. However, they employ either time resolved IR (TRIR) or time-resolved resonance Raman (TRRR) spectroscopy as the mode of detection. While these detection techniques are inherently less sensitive than UV-vis absorption, they provide more detailed and readily interpretable spectral information. In fact, it is possible to directly calculate these spectra using relatively fast and inexpensive DFT and MP2 methods. Thus, spectra derived from experiment can be used to validate (or falsify) various computational treatments of nitrenium ion stmctures and reactivity. In contrast, UV-vis spectra do not lend themselves to detailed structural analysis and, moreover, calculating these spectra from first principles is still expensive and highly approximate. 

This passage does provide some insight into the nature of form but at the same time it also falsifies the belief that Aristode s views about... 

The idea of hidden variables is fairly common in chemical models such as the kinetic gas model. This theory is formulated in terms of molecular momenta that remain hidden, and evaluated against measurements of macroscopic properties such as pressure, temperature and volume. Electronic motion is the hidden variable in the analysis of electrical conduction. The firm belief that hidden variables were mathematically forbidden in quantum systems was used for a long time to discredit Bohm s ideas. Without joining the debate it can be stated that this proof has finally been falsified. 

Since Wiehn must also have read the information he quoted from Reitlinger59 regarding evacuation rates, one cannot help but suspect a deliberate attempt to falsify history and even to commit academic fraud. Incidentally, a few pages further one finds yet another and even more time-consuming and extremely dubious murder method. Reitlinger 60... 

The main problem with this approach is that the intermediate must be brought to reaction conditions almost instantaneously. A transient of any length of time, say, to reach the elevated temperature and pressure of the reaction under study, is apt to falsify the results seriously. Equipment of the type described in Figure 3.3 in Section 3.1.1 or some other injection mechanism is needed. 

Deliberate tampering is fraud or sabotage. Selective sampling can result in biased environmental measurements. Chemical analyses may be falsified to save time if the lab is overloaded with samples. Samples may be purposely put in metal containers to increase the measured metal amount. Intentional tampering can sometimes be identified by a trained eye during a routine audit. In other cases, surreptitious observation may be necessary. 

When such conditions are not met, then the usual interpretation of the data may be falsified by diffusion effects in that the reactant concentrations assumed at any time on the basis of pressure measurement or... 

In most cases, sample preparation steps take up most of the required analysis time and, thus, contribute substantially to the analysis costs. It should also be mentioned, that each manipulation of samples can falsify the analytical result therefore, the care taken in the sample preparation directly affects the quality of the analytical result. 

---