False body fluids

Thus, equation 3.127, which includes three parameters, is effectively a combination of equations 3.121 and 3.125. It is sometimes called the generalised Bingham equation or Herschel -Bulkley equation, and the fluids are sometimes referred to as having/n/re body. Figures 3.30 and 3.31 show shear stress and apparent viscosity, respectively, for Bingham plastic and false body fluids, using linear coordinates. 

Figure 3.30. Shear stress-shear rate data for Bingham-plastic and false-body fluids using linear scale axes...

P.P.S. system 3. 5 Fahrenheit units 3 False body fluids 112 Fanno lines 172 Fans 344... 

The Metzner-Otto relationship, eq. (6-17), does not apply for other non-Newtonian fluids, such as shear thickening finids, Bingham plastics, and false body fluids. In these finids, shear rates are highly localized aronnd the impeller blade, with the rest of the tank stagnant. The relationship does not apply in highly turbulent flow as well. 

Alterations in the protein pattern are immanent for mammalian body fluids or tissues. Differential expression profiles for the comparison of distinct samples are to be expected due to the biological variability related to patient age, gender or lifestyle. In order to distinguish disease-related features from false-positive differences the critical validation and assessment of putative markers is of fundamental importance (Zolg and Langen, 2004). 

Method The method used is mRNA extraction from different tissue types such as lymph nodes or peripheral blood, body fluids and bone marrow, followed by RT-PCR or nested PCR. It is necessary to consider the remarks mentioned in the introduction to this chapter in order to avoid false-positive results due to the contamination of blood or bone marrow samples by cytokeratin 20-positive epidermal cells or Merkel cells integrated in the epidermis. 

We must pay attention, however, to the fact that the nature of autopsy materials is quite different from those used in clinical medicine. A blood sample obtained at autopsy is sometimes extremely hemolyzed and its supernatant is neither serum nor plasma, because postmortem intensive fibrinolysis following blood coagulation had already occurred in the corpse at autopsy. Body fluids other than blood/urine or extract of tissue-homogenate cannot normally be considered for clinical use. Most important is that many kinds of proteins are contained in extremely large amounts in autopsy material, which may be available for forensic examination and can by no means be expected to be used in clinical laboratory medicine. Such samples can cause very strong suppression of necessary immunoreactions in the assay system established for clinical use. This means that the values determined may not be comparable if different immunoassay kits are used, even if the same protein is assayed. Besides, the value for a postmortem sample may be false if its assay is completely carried out in a clinical laboratory where no one knows about the particular nature of the autopsy material. This is the probable reason that some conclusions obtained from different studies on the same substance are sometimes contradictory. In spite of such circumstances, the attempted quantitative analysis has been reported as useful in most of the earlier studies. 

Mucin—is a substance containing no S and. existing in the different varieties of mucus, in certain pathological fluids, in the bodies of mollusks, in the saliva, bile, connective tissues, etc. Its solutions, like the fluids in which it occurs, are viscid. It is precipitated by acetic acid and by HXOa, but is dissolved by an excess of the latter it dissolves readily in alkaline solutions, and swells up in H-iO, with which it forms a false solution. It is not coagulated by heat. 

The few data that are.available have been assembled by Voronkov, Zelchan, and Lukevits (4a). In some cases it is not possible to decide whether the reported amount of silica is greater than could have been present as Si(OH)4 in solution in the body j fluids. Thus if the organism consisted of 50% water and 10% ash and the water were saturated with amorphous silica, the silica in the ash would be 0.05%. Generally, the. silica is no lower than 0.1-0.2% based on ash. Skin, feathers, intestines, etc., which. can be exposed to contact with materials from outside, are all higher in silica. For example, feathers may contain up to 77% silica in the ash, strongly suggesting the > possibility of physical adsorption of colloidal silica or silicates. Also, earlier data - may indicate a falsely high silica level because of interference by phosphorus in the. silicomolybdate test. 

Other tissues should not be accepted for quantification. Samples with pleural thickening, pleural plaque and tumour tissue contain few particles and will result in false-negative counts. The particle content of lymph nodes may be influenced by their anatomical location. The parietal pleura is a very heterogeneous phase. Anatomical structures resorbing pleural fluid from the pleural space may trap and concentrate particles and fibers in localised areas called black spots because of their pigmentation (Boutin et al. 1996 Mitchev et al. 2002). All these samples are not suitable for routine purposes, but maybe used for research purposes, e.g. when studying the migration of fibers in the human body. 

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