Particle and ash content

Table L Color, moisture, fine particle and ash contents of African Herbal teas produced from 2004 through 2006...

In addition to surface area, pore size distribution, and surface chemistry, other important properties of commercial activated carbon products include pore volume, particle size distribution, apparent or bulk density, particle density, abrasion resistance, hardness, and ash content. The range of these and other properties is illustrated in Table 1 together with specific values for selected commercial grades of powdered, granular, and shaped activated carbon products used in Hquid- or gas-phase appHcations (19). 

Protein content of field peas is negatively correlated with lipid, cell wall material (CWM), sugar, and ash content and positively correlated with starch separation efficiency and protein separation efficiency in air classification of pea flour. The lower separation efficiency of low protein peas may be due to their high lipid and CWM content which makes disintegration of seeds and separation into protein and starch particles by pin milling difficult. It is suggested that peas with a specific protein content should be used in order to control the protein and starch fraction contents (18). 

The present revival of interest in biomass gasification envisages the utilization of difficult feedstocks varying in particle size, moisture and ash content etc. 

Apparent density and ash content were determined for powder and core samples obtained from active carbons AG and RN. Both of these properties may be an indication of transformations proceeding in the carbon particles during steam activation. Using the results of ash content measurements, the burn-off was determined [5] and ascribed to a definite location within the particle of active carbon (r/ro). Changes in burn-off (x) and in apparent density (pu) in both studied adsorbents are presented in Figures 3a and 3b. Additionally, the values of the apparent density of the chars (pc), from which the respective active carbons were obtained are drawn for comparison. 

Raw Materials Selection. The selection of the appropriate raw (precursor) materi s is the first and critical step in the manufacturing process. It determines to a great degree, the properties and the cost of the final product. The characteristics of these raw materials such as the particle size and ash content of cokes, the degree of carbonization of pitch, the particle structure of lampblack, and the impurities and particle size of natural graphite must be taken into account. 

Diesel particulate matter (PM) is a complex multi-phase multi-component material, which is traditionally and conveniently divided into three main fractions a solid fraction mainly comprising carbon particles and ash, a soluble organic fraction where the m ority of the hydrocarbons originating from the lube oil and fuel are concentrated, and sulfate particulates derived from the sulfur content of the fuel. The sizes of particulate matter from diesel engines are characterized by a distribution spread (Fig. 11.1) PMIO (diameter less than 10 pm), fine particles (less than 2.5 pm), ultrafine particles (less than 0.1 pm) and nanoparticles (less than 50 nm). ... 

Specific gravity is the most critical of the characteristics in Table 3. It is governed by ash content of the material, is the primary deterrninant of bulk density, along with particle size and shape, and is related to specific heat and other thermal properties. Specific gravity governs the porosity or fractional void volume of the waste material, ie. 

Fumaric acid is sold as resia-grade and food-grade. The general sales specification under which resia-grade fumaric acid is sold ia the United States specifies white, crystalline granules with a minimum assay of 99.6% and maximum ash content of 0.05%. The moisture specification is 0.3% maximum with < 10 ppm heavy metals. The color of a 5% solution ia methanol is to be less than 10 APHA. Food-grade fumaric acid calls for somewhat lower impurity levels. Particle size and particle size distribution are important ia many appHcations. 

Applicability/Limitations Liquid injection incineration can be applied to all pumpable organic wastes including wastes with high moisture content. Care must be taken in matching waste (especially viscosity and solids content) to specific nozzle design. Particle size is a relevant consideration so that the wastes do not clog the nozzle. Emission control systems will probably be required for wastes with ash content above 0.5 percent (particulate control) or for halogenated wastes (acid gas scrubbers). 

Hie US Armed Forces requirements for oxalic acid are covered by Federal Spec 0-0-690a, Oxalic Acid, Dihydrate, Technical , (July 1, 1968). It details three classes class 1—large crystals, class 2—small crystals, and class 3— powder. It requires a min assay of 99.0% by wt as H2C204.2H20, a max ash content of 0.20% by wt, and the following particle size characteristics using US Standard sieves ... 

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