Factors Related to Solubility

NHJ alkali metal cations except Carbonates, CO 3 Phosphates, POl Hychoxides, OH Sulfides, S  

The solubility of various common ions. Substances containing the ions on the left are generally soluble in cold water, while those substances containing the ions on the right are insoluble in cold water. The arrows point to the exceptions. 

The quantitative expression of the amount of dissolved solute in a particular quantity of solvent is known as the concentration of a solution. Several methods of expressing concentration are described in Section 14.6. 

The old adage like dissolves like has merit, in a general way. Polar or ionic substances tend to be more compatible with other polar substances. Nonpolar substances tend to 

Dissolution of sodium chloride in water. Polar water molecules are attracted to Na+ and Cl ions in the salt crystal, weakening the attraction between the ions. As the attraction between the ions weakens, the ions move apart and become surrounded by water dipoles. The hydrated ions slowly diffuse away from the crystal to become dissolved in solution. 

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Nitrogen solubility index is inversely related to protein level, i.e., as the protein level increases, NSI decreases (8). Another factor related to solubility of seed nitrogen in a flour and distilled water suspension is the concentration of water-soluble naturally occurring salts, since salt-soluble globulins are the major proteins found in peas (21). Also, differences in pea mineral content may play a role in NSI. 

Factors Related to Solubility 14.6 Concentration of Solutions Pressure... 

Predicting solubilities is complex and difficult. Many variables, such as size of ions, charge on ions, interaction between ions, interaction between solute and solvent, and temperature, complicate the problem. Because of the factors involved, the general rules of solubility given in Figure 14.2 have many exceptions. However, these rules are useful because they do apply to many of the more common compounds that we encounter in the study of chemistry. Keep in mind that these are rules, not laws, and are therefore subject to exceptions. Fortunately, the solubility of a solute is relatively easy to determine experimentally. Now let s examine the factors related to solubility. 

A very powerful method for the evaluation of solubility differences between polymorphs or solvates is that of intrinsic dissolution, which entails measurements of the rates of solution. One method for this work is to simply pour loose powder into a dissolution vessel, and to monitor the concentration of dissolved solute as a function of time. However, data obtained by this method are not readily interpretable unless they are corrected by factors relating to the surface area or particle size distribution of the powder. In the other approach, the material to be studied is filled into the cavity of a circular dissolution die, compressed until it exhibits the effective planar surface area of the circular disc, and then the dissolution rate is monitored off the surface of the rotating disc in the die [130],... 

Ethylene glycol industry, 24 270 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, acrylamide solubility in, l 290t Ethylene glycol production, economic aspects of, 12 652-653 Ethylene glycols (EGs), 10 664-665 12 113, 644-660. See also Glycols derivatives of, 12 656-660 diethers of, 12 658 from ethylene oxide, 10 596 health, safety, and environmental factors related to, 12 653-655 manufacture of, 12 648-652 monoethers of, 12 656-658 properties of, 12 645-648, 649t uses for, 12 645, 655-656... 

Potassium cocoyl hydrolyzed collagen, hair cleaner ingredient, 7 850t Potassium compounds, 20 608-644 analytical methods for, 20 639 aqueous solubility of, 20 613t economic aspects of, 20 637-639 health and safety factors related to,... 

Relation to Solubility D. Chou (is) noted that, for a random sampling of isolates, the viscosity was not necessarily correlated to the solubility. This is because many factors (conformation, hydration, exposure of hydrophobic groups, charge distribution, etc.) contribute to the intermolecular interactions that result in increased viscosity. However, within a series of similarly processed isolates or with a given isolate, we should expect the viscosity to be inversely... 

As has already been made clear, there are many factors that affect the kinetics and mechanisms of Fenton-based degradation. Rate constants, hydroxyl radical concentration, pollutant concentration, and the presence of other species are all among the factors previously discussed. Additional important factors include those related to solubility and homogeneity. 

Explanations of the mechanisms of substitution reactions and their relation to solubility must involve consideration of two factors (1) the... 

Although various gases can be employed, e.g. formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, most pharmaceutical processes relate to the latter. Since ethylene oxide (and its residues) are toxic and it forms explosive mixtures with air/oxygen, special precautions are essential to safe handling. Ethylene oxide is therefore mixed with an inert gas (usually C02) and needs a certain temperature (usually 55°C) and the presence of moisture to be effective, together with materials which are either porous (paper, Tyvek, board) or permeable to the gas (PVC, PS, PE, etc.). This means that there is a solubility or retention factor related to their use and a period must be allowed to reduce residues (by degassing). 

The abilily of activated carbon to remove a broad spectrum of orj nic compounds from wastewater is well documented. The Freundlich single-solute isotherm constants, as tabulated in [32], are reproduced in Table 2. These data illustrate clearly the wide range of organic compounds of different structures, sizes, functionality, etc. that can be adsorbed by an activated carbon. It can also be observed that these compounds exhibit different adsorption characteristics. Indeed, the adsorption behavior is affected by various factors related to molecular structure [33], like the adsorbate solubility, the kind of substituent groups of aromatic compounds, the size of tire molecule, its polarity and its hydrophobicity. 

Chromatographers have used this solubility parameter to predict chromatographic retention in gas chromatography and in LC. Assuming that both phases, stationary and mobile, are bulk fluids (i.e., LC), the retention factor ki of a solute is related to solubility parameters according to... 

The solubility (which can be referred to as miscibility if dealing with a liquid) of an organic compound in water is largely determined by two factors that tend to have opposing effects. These factors relate to the two essential parts of the molecule - the functional group and the hydrocarbon backbone . 

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