Facilitate the work

A protocol for the first and other early studies with a NME in man is similar to those for later studies in healthy volunteers and patients but has some particular features that are worth special consideration. The protocol should be written to satisfy not only the needs of regulatory authorities and personnel who will be involved in conduct of the study but also to facilitate the work of the lEC, which bears considerable responsibility in such cases. The nature of the scientific material contained in the protocol is often complex, highly specialised and quite unlike most protocols for clinical trials handled by such committees. 

Aliphatic hydroxylamines are not easily reduced by direct electrochemical reduction. However, they are reduced indirectly by electrochemically generated low-valent Ti(III) or Fe(II) to afford the corresponding amino compounds (equation 1). This electrochemical method has certain advantages it takes place at a less negative potential where hydrogen ions are not reduced and the low concentration of the metal salts facilitates the work-up compared to the reduction by chemical reagents where at least equivalent amounts of reagents must be used. 

Calhoun, John A. Project Safe Neighborhoods America s Network against Gun Violence Facilitating the Work of Outreach. USA Bulletin, vol. 50, January 2002, pp. 26-28. Describes a program that combines stronger enforcement of gun laws with community outreach and education. (The same issue has a related article with 10 case smdies.)... 

The element has a definite fertilising action 2 which is exerted in two ways (1) It supplies sulphuric acid by bacterial oxidation, the presence of the acid increasing the availability of certain mineral constituents in the soil, such as alkalis, ferric oxide, alumina and phosphates. (2) It facilitates the work of the ammonia and nitrifying bacteria, thus placing larger supplies of nitrogen at the disposal of the plants. But although such action may be beneficial in some soils it is equally harmful in others, and sulphur should not be applied to a soil already acid.3... 

Diiodoalkenes (cf., 4, 550).2 These alkenes are obtained in 60-85% yield by reaction of P(C6H5)3 and CI4 with an aldehyde in CH2C12 for 2 hours, after which Zn is added to facilitate the work-up. The reaction fails with ketones. 

Approximately, 0.5 4 g of activated6 molecular sieves preferably finely ground 3 A molecular sieves—per mmol of alcohol can be added in order to accelerate the oxidation. The reaction can also be accelerated by the addition of ca. 0.9 1 equivalents of dry AcOHf or 0.75 12 equivalents of acetic anhydride. The simultaneous use of molecular sieves and an organic acid has a synergistic accelerating effect.8 The addition of ca. 0.5-2.50 g of Celite or Florisil per mmol of alcohol can facilitate the work-up. Celite or Florisil can be added either at the beginning of the oxidation or ca. 30 min before the work-up. 

It is important to note that buffers, accelerants and materials introduced to facilitate the work-up can be used simultaneously. Thus, it is common to use molecular sieves plus NaOAc,233 silica gel plus ultrasounds,2213 Celite plus NaOAc,234 AcOH plus molecular sieves,195b mont-morillonite K10 plus ultrasounds,198 molecular sieves plus Celite ,235 Celite plus AcOH236 or AcOH plus Celite plus molecular sieves.214c... 

A solid support, such as silica gel, Celite , Florisil (magnesium silicate) or magnesium sulfate, is added, very often in a proportion of ca. 0.3-2 g of solid support per mmol of alcohol, in order to facilitate the work-up.f... 

Occasionally alumina, working both as a solid support—used to facilitate the work-up—and as an accelerant, mixed with PCC is added, in a proportion of ca. 0.4-1.5 g of alumina per mmol of alcohol. Normally, PCC is deposited over the alumina.8... 

A great effort is dedicated to the development of methodologies for the oxidation of alcohols, involving catalytic quantities of chromium compounds, which are re-oxidized with other oxidants present in excess.406 Using chromium compounds in catalytic amounts is environmentally sound, and often facilitates the work-ups. 

Moffatt et al. found that the optimized reaction conditions developed for the oxidation of testosterone (14), worked ideally in the oxidation of other alcohols. Later, researchers tended to apply, on reactions run at room temperature on very diverse alcohols, these optimized conditions involving 3 equivalents of DCC or other carbodiimide, 0.5 equivalents of pyridinium trifluoroacetate with some extra pyridine added, and neat DMSO or a mixture of DMSO and benzene as solvent. The only substantial changes to this standard protocol involve the growing use of the water-soluble carbodiimide EDC,17 instead of DCC, in order to facilitate the work-ups, and the occasional employment of dichloroacetic acid,18 which proved very effective in the oxidation of some complex polar alcohols, instead of pyridinium trifluoroacetate. 

The masked dendralenes 36 are crystalline compounds, stable at room temperature, from which, as hoped, the hydrocarbons 37 could be released on demand in good yields by high-temperature pyrolysis. No solvent is required in these cheletropic reactions which facilitates the work-up. The dendralenes 37 obtained, up to [8]dendralene, have been completely characterized by the usual spectroscopic and analytical methods and can, although they tend to polymerize, be handled under the usual laboratory conditions (see below). The sulfolene decomposition route has recently been applied to the synthesis of many other cross-conjugated compounds, among them the hydrocarbons 39-42 (Scheme 7) [12]. 

If one bases the yield of DMCDeT on reacted butyne, then the system containing tri(o-phenylphenyl)phosphite produces satisfactory results. Although large quantities of butadiene dimers are formed, only a trace of CDT is produced and hardly any higher oligomers, which facilitates the work-up. This combination, therefore, has definite advantages for the synthesis of cyclodecatriene derivatives from expensive higher alkynes. 

Antifoamers are vital in surgery. During operations on heart and large vessels even the smallest bubble of air in the vascular system can block a thin vessel in the brain or other vital organ. Treating medical instruments with silicone liquids greatly facilitates the work of surgeons. 

While such a study might have been carried out with conventional methods, the use of HPLC facilitated the work considerably by allowing all reactants and products to be measured in one analysis. Clearly, the HPLC assay method should be considered when the kinetics of a multisubstrate enzyme reaction are to be studied. 

The ultimate aim, however, is not to get an expression for c, the Laplace transform ofc], but to get an expression for c, (or c) as a function of distance x and time t. The expression c, has been obtained by a Laplace transformation of c, hence, to go from c, to Cj, one must do an inverse transformation. The situation is analogous to using logarithms to facilitate the working-out of a problem (Fig. 4.20). In order to get c, fromcj, one asks the question Under Laplace transformation, what function c, would give the Laplace transform c, of Eq. (4.60) hi other words, one has to find c, in the equation... 

This document describes the GHS. It contains harmonized classification criteria and hazard communication elements. In addition, guidance is included in the document to assist countries and organizations in the development of tools for implementation of the GHS. The GHS is designed to permit self-classification. The provisions for implementation of the GHS allow the uniform development of national policies, while remaining flexible enough to accommodate any special requirements that might have to be met. Furthermore, the GHS is intended to create user-friendly approach, to facilitate the work of enforcement bodies and to reduce the administrative burden. 

Interpretive search abstracts also facilitate the work of writing the search summary, a wholly interpretive document. Some people make an outline before writing the search summary others evaluate the entries for the search aims, systematize them, and then summarize their conclusions, listing the most important search items. The search summary is a timesaving device prepared for the benefit of administrators, attorneys, chemists, and engineers who use the search. 

The reaction proceeds via a 1,2-addition of carboxylic acids to the carbodiimides to give acyllactims (Scheme 3), and leads to the peptide after nucleophilic attack of an amine. The by-product of this reaction, IVX-dicyclohexylurea in DCC-mediated couplings, is easily removed by filtration from the reaction mixture. Because it is not completely insoluble in most organic solvents, contamination of the products occur. The introduction of water soluble carbodiimides " facilitates the work-up procedure by extracting the urea with water. Diisopropylcarbodiimide is frequently used in solid phase synthesis, because its corresponding urea is soluble in a variety of organic solvents and readily removed by filtration. 

A cocoa butter CRM has been prepared in the course of this project in order to facilitate the work of the analytical chemist [16]. The CRM IRMM 801 aims to ensure a high comparability of the analytical results achieved. It was used as a calibrant for the establishment of a standardised database containing data from more than 74 different CBs and 94 CBEs. The latter resulted in the application of a simple equation by testing laboratories detecting CBEs in mixture with CB and in plain... 

Involving the pharmacist in the clinical trials may actually facilitate the work in some aspects, including ... 

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