Fabrication of protein chips

Park, S. and Shin, I. (2002) Fabrication of carbohydrate chips for studying protein-carbohydrate interactions.Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 41(17), 3180-3182. 

Park S, Shin I (2002) Fabrication of carbohydrate chips for smdying protein-carbohydrate interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed En 41 3180-3182... 

K.Y. Park, M.S. Kim, and S.Y. Choi, Fabrication and characteristics of MOSFET protein chip for detection of ribosomal protein. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20, 2111-2115 (2005). 

A number of different types of ESI sources, known as nanospray sources, have been designed that can operate at lower sample flow rates (10-200 nL min ). These generate smaller droplets and improve the signal intensity of the protein-ligand noncovalent complexes further, with the added benefit of reducing protein consumption up to 100-fold compared to standard ESI flow rates. Nanospray has also been reported to be more tolerant to nonvolatile cations in solution [37]. Recently, an automated fabricated chip nanospray source has been developed. This chip-based device has improved the ease-of-use for nanospray, while the design eliminates carryover effects as the spray is produced directly from an orifice on each sample well of the chip [38]. 

Other early work includes that of Moody et al. (2001) who spotted anticytokine monoclonals onto the bottom of polystyrene microtiter plates (Max-isorp, Nalge Nunc) and measured cytokine levels in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Finally, although not strictly a microarray, the microwell array system developed by Michael Snyder s group at Yale University to measure kinase activity is a simple and elegant approach (Zhu et al., 2000). The "protein chip" is comprised of microwells fabricated in a flexible elastomer of PDMS [poly(dimethylsiloxane)] substrate by a molding process. 

S. Ferko, V. A. VanderNoot, J. A. A. West, R. Crocker, B. Wiedenman, D. Yee, and J. A. Fruetel, Hand-Held Microanalytical Instrument for Chip-Based Electrophoretic Separations of Proteins, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 435 J. G. E. Gardeniers and A. van den Berg, Lab-on-a-Chip Systems for Biomedical and Environmental Monitoring, Anal. Bioanal. Chem 2004,378, 1700 J. C. McDonald and G. M. Whitesides, Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a Material for Fabricating Microfluidic Devices, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002,35, 491 Y. Huang,... 

In other work, using a range of different protein function microarrays, each fabricated in the form of BCCP fusion proteins as described here, we have been able to monitor a wide range of protein activities, including protein-protein interactions and protein-small molecule interactions, as well as carrying out on-chip phosphorylation assays (6) (see Note 15). 

More recent trends aim in the direction of fabricating electrochemical protein array systems (for detecting multiple protein targets) and miniaturization of such immunoassays. These include an electrochemical protein chip with an array of 36 platinum electrodes on a glass substrate (64) and electrical immunoassays using microcavity formats down to the zmol antigen level (65). 

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