Fabric manufacturing techniques

In the textile industry the traditional methods of manufacturing fabrics from yams are weaving, knitting, and braiding. More unconventional methods of fabric making include bonding fibers by mechanical, thermal, chemical, or solvent means. 

Braiding is one of the major fabrication methods, and produces a rope-like material by interweaving three or more strands, strips, or lengths in a diagonally overlapping pattern. It can be classified into two- and three-dimensional braiding. The two-dimensional braid stracture can be circular or flat, and is formed by crossing a number 

Because of their requirement for strength and flexibility, surgical sutures are often made with braided stmctures. 

Because the fibers are loosely connected, nonwoven fabrics are often more porous than other forms of textiles. In order to gain integrity, the fibers in nonwoven fabric are bonded by using one of the following methods. 

Bonding with binder fibers Specially engineered low-melting-point fibers are blended with other fibers in a web, so that a uniformly bonded structure can be generated at low temperature by fusion of the binder fiber with adjacent fibers. 

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Particular examples of using polymer composites as screens are given in [14-16, 67-75], The present review does not touch the properties of the composite materials based on fabrics of conducting fibres due to the fact that manufacturing techniques for such materials are specific and differ greatly from the mixing processes considered above. However, these materials also have an application field, say, in contacts for calculator and computer keyboards [9] and even in small-power electric motor commutators as a partial substitute for copper [76, 77]. 

The codes and standards are drawn up by committees of engineers experienced in vessel design and manufacturing techniques, and are a blend of theory, experiment and experience. They are periodically reviewed, and revisions issued to keep abreast of developments in design, stress analysis, fabrication and testing. The latest version of the appropriate national code or standard should always be consulted before undertaking the design of any pressure vessel. 

The conversion of power systems and replacement of a fraction of them, can proceed vigorously, since production and scaleup of systems utilizing this process can be very rapid. Except for the cores, all fabrication, parts, techniques, tooling, and other procedures are simple and standard and very economical— and are already on hand and used by a great many manufacturing companies worldwide. 

The limits of the top down and bottom up approaches, illustrated in Fig. 1.5, leave a majority of the nanoworld hard to access. Although constant improvements in technology and chemical synthesis mean that these limits are always shrinking, materials and objects that span the gap between 10 and 100 nm remain hard to fabricate to the level of accuracy and reproducibility expected of most manufacturing techniques. Until recently there was only one way to work on this scale leave it to Nature. 

Recent advances in composite manufacturing techniques permit the fabrication of large optical elements. In Fig. 14, a wide range of organic dye-doped composites are presented. The largest of these measures 30 cm in diameter by 3.5 cm in thickness. Organic dyes represented include coumarin-314T, fluorescein, rhodamine 6G, rhodamine B, and poly(p-phenylene vinylene). 

Some efforts involve supporting ultra-thin (<1 gm) palladium films on various types of engineered porous supports. Perforated supports within modules have been fabricated and coated with thin layers of palladium alloys through micromachining and manufacturing techniques borrowed from the integrated circuit... 

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