Eye-safe

Because of the wide transmission range and low phonon energies of fluoride glasses, the observation of numerous rare-earth laser lines is possible at wavelengths beyond 2 fim, where the transmission of silica fibers is extremely poor. Laser sources around 2 /jm are of special interest because they belong, not only to the eye-safe spectral domain, but also to an optical transparency window of the atmosphere. Two fluoride glass fiber lasers have been demonstrated in that region. First, a Ho3+ laser with the 5I7 -> 5I8 transition at 2.024 /on which delivers 250 mW with 60%... 

The interim system saw limited procurement in 1995, and has been fielded as the XM94. A counterproliferation version (CP LR-BSDS) is under development using improved (i.e., eye-safe) laser technology. 

Among particularly useful laser transitions of Er3+ are 53/2 113/2 at 0.85 ym and 113- 115/2 at 1-6 The latter wavelength is absorbed by the ocular media of the eye. thereby offering protection for the retina. Erbium-doped glass lasers were developed extensively for possible eye-safe applications (27). The spectroscopic properties and relaxation of Er T in a ErCl3-(AlCl3)x vapor complex have been studied (81 ) with potential application for stimulated emission. 

S3/2— I15/2) of erbium ion have a laige emission section and are easy to achieve upconversion, so erbium ion is a good active ion as upconversion phosphors materials. The energy level transition( l]3/2— I15/2) can emit out 1.5 pm eye-safe laser radiation and the ion is also a well active ion for the eye-safe laser material. Gd203 powder with a cubic structure is a good host material for its excellent photics and thermal properties. It not only can be used as upconversion phosphors material but also can be used to prepare transparent ceramics as a host material. 

Ter-Gabrielyan N, Merkle LD, Ikesue A, Dubinskii M (2008) Ultralow quantum-defect eye-safe Er Sc203 laser. Opt Lett 33 1524-1526... 

Acrolein, acrylamide, hydroxyalkyl acrylates, and other functional derivatives can be more hazardous from a health standpoint than acryhc acid and its simple alkyl esters. Furthermore, some derivatives, such as the alkyl 2-chloroacrylates, are powerful vesicants and can cause serious eye injuries. Thus, although the hazards of acryhc acid and the normal alkyl acrylates are moderate and they can be handled safely with ordinary care to industrial hygiene, this should not be assumed to be the case for compounds with chemically different functional groups (see Industrial hygiene Plant safety Toxicology). 

In normal practice, good ventilation to reduce exposure to vapors, splash-proof goggles to avoid eye contact, and protective clothing to avoid skin contact are required for the safe handling of acrylic monomers. A more extensive discussion of these factors should be consulted before handling these monomers (67). 

Safe handling practices are essential at all stages of production, from the laboratory to the manufacturing operations. The safety committee should inspect and advise on processing equipment and be responsible for providing personal protection, eye wash fountains, safety showers, etc. 

Most aHyl compounds are toxic and many are irritants. Those with a low boiling point are lachrymators. Precautions should be taken at aH times to ensure safe handling (59). AHyl compounds are harmful and may be fatal if inhaled, swaHowed, or absorbed through skin. They are destmctive to the tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin (Table 4). 

The pneumatic classification system should be designed to handle ha2ardous dust (28). A ha2ardous dust is one which, when finely divided and suspended in air in the proper concentration, bums, produces violent explosions, or is sufficiently toxic to be injurious to personnel health (see Air pollution control methods Powders, handling). At the least, almost any dust can be irritating to personnel because of inhalation or skin or eye contact. Fully oxidi2ed and hydrated materials are generally considered safe. 

Succinic acid is Generally Recogni2ed As Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. PDA (184) and is approved as a flavor enhancer, as a pH control agent in condiments, and for use in meat products. It causes irritation to the eyes (185), skin, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. LD q in rat is 2260 mg/kg. Succinic acid, like most materials in powder form, can cause dust explosion. 

Polyurethanes. These polymers can be considered safe for human use. However, exposure to dust, generated in finishing operations, should be avoided. Ventilation, dust masks, and eye protection are recommended in foam fabrication operations. Polyurethane or polyisocyanurate dust may present an explosion risk under certain conditions. Airborne concentrations of 25—30 g/m are required before an explosion occurs. Inhalation of thermal decomposition products of polyurethanes should be avoided because carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide are among the many products present. 

Toxicity Data on Af- Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidinone. Results of a chronic inhalation study in rats warrant a review of industrial hygiene practices to assure that VP vapor concentrations are maintained at a safe level. One of the manufacturers, ISP, recommends that an appropriate workplace exposure limit be set at 0.1 ppm (vapor) (9). Additionally, normal hygienic practices and precautions are recommended, such as prompt removal from skin and avoidance of ingestion. In case of accidental eye contact, immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention. Refer to the manufacturers Material Safety Data Sheets for more detailed information. Table 3 provides some toxicity data. 

To remain safe and efficacious on the eye, contact lenses must maintain clear and wetted surfaces, provide an adequate supply of atmospheric oxygen to and adequate expulsion of carbon dioxide from the cornea, allow adequate flow of the eye s tear fluid, and avoid excessive abrasion of the ocular surface or eyeflds, all under a variety of environmental conditions. The clinical performance of a contact lens is controlled by the nature of the lens material the lens design the method and quaUty of manufacture the lens parameters or specifications prescribed by the practitioner and the cleaning, disinfection, and wearing procedures used by the patient. 

Neoprene latexes contain 0.5 to 0.02% residual chloroprene depending on the specific latex type. The amount of free alkaH in the water phase of latexes varies from 0.1 to 0.08% depending on type and age of the material. Eye protection and appropriate skin protection have been recommended for use in situations where splashes or spills are possible. Toxicity and safe handling practices have been recommended for Du Pont types (171). Since compositions may vary with other manufacturers, specific information should be obtained for other products. 

Toxic hazards may be caused by chemical means, radiation, and noise. Routes of exposure are (1) eye contact, (2) inhalation, (3) ingestion, (4) skin contact, and (5) ears (noise). An Industrial Hygiene Guide (IHG) is based on exposures for an 8-h day, 40-h week, and is not to be used as a guide in the control of health hazards. It is not to be used as a fine hne between safe and dangerous conditions. 

Potassium osmate (VI) dibydrate [19718-36-6] M 368.4. Hygroscopic POISONOUS crystals which are soluble in H2O but insol in EtOH and Et20. It decomposes slowly in H2O to form the tetroxide which attacks the eyes. The solid should be kept dry and in this form it is relatively safe. [Synthesis 610 1972.]... 

Laser alignment systems use a transmitter and receiver. The system has a laser diode and a position sensor on a bracket mounted on one shaft that emits a weak and safe radio-tagged beam of light. The light ray is directed toward the other bracket on the other shaft with a reflecting prism that returns the ray back toward the first bracket into the position sen.sor eye. 

---