Extracts, aromatic, liquid

Aromatic liquids Beverage extract (concentrate) Camphor oil, 3.3 Extract, aromatic or flavouring Extracts, aromatic, liquid, 3, 3.2,3.3 Extracts, flavouring, liquid,... 

Amines - [BUTADIENE] (Vol 4) - [COFFEE] (Vol 6) - [DISTILLATION, AZEOTROPTC AND EXTRACTIVE] (Vol 8) - [FIBERS - ELASTOMERIC] (Vol 10) - [EXTRACTION - LIQUH-LIQUID] (Vol 10) - [STEAM] (Vol 22) -aromatic [AMINES - AMINES,AROMATIC - ] (Vol 2) -as corrosion inhibitor [CORROSION AND CORROSION CONTROL] (Vol 7) -cycloaliphatic [AMINES - CYCLOALIPHATIC AMINES] (Vol2) -diazotization of [AZO DYES] (Vol 3) -fatty [AMINES - FATTY AMINES] (Vol 2)... 

The second step is carried out by adding a 15-40% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide dropwise to a well-stirred mixture of the cold dia-zonium salt solution and the aromatic liquid until a slight excess of alkali is present. This procedure avoids the isolation of the unstable, explosive diazohydroxides of Bamberger,1 which are formed from the diazonium salt and the alkali. The diazohydroxide is extracted by the aromatic liquid as it is formed. The biaryl reaction takes place in the organic liquid and is complete when evolution of nitrogen ceases. In the example given, 4-bromobiphenyl is obtained in 35-46% yield. 

The nitrosation is carried out by passing nitrous fumes into an ice-cold solution or suspension of the acetylamine in acetic acid and acetic anhydride, or by adding a solution of nitrosyl chloride to the acetylamine and sodium acetate in acetic acid. The nitroso derivative is precipitated by pouring the solution into ice water and is extracted by the aromatic liquid or filtered and added to the liquid with which it reacts. In the example given, 3-nitrobiphenyl is obtained from m-nitroacetanilide in 83% yield. 

Complete recovery of aromatics. liquid-liquid extraction is the first choice, but extractive distillation with high-performance solvents is also applicable. 

In addition to extraction from solids, supercritical fluids can be used to extract aromatic molecules from liquids. Senorans et al. have utilized carbon dioxide to extract high-quality brandy aroma using a countercurrent supercritical fluid extractor. The aroma quality is influenced by the extraction conditions. Medina and Martinez studied alcohol removal from beverages using supercritical carbon dioxide, to produce beverages with low-alcohol content but sufficient flavor, because of three key benefits 1) water and salts are not appreciably removed by the carbon dioxide 2) proteins and carbohydrates are not extracted or denatured and 3) there is a good control in the aroma recovery. The alcohol removal efficiency increases with the extraction pressure raffinate alcohol concentration can be reduced up to 3 wt.% at 250 bar and 40°C, from 6.2 wt.% in the feed. " ... 

Di Corcia, A., Samperi, R., and Marcomini, A. 1994. Monitoring aromatic surfactants and their biodegradation intermediates in raw and treated sewages by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. Environ. Sci. Tech., 28 850-858. 

Gimeno, R. A., Comas, E., Marce, R. M., Ferre, J., Rius, F. X., and Borrull, F., Second-order linear calibration for deterrrtining polycyclic aromatic compounds in marine sediments by solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Anal. Chim. Acta, 498, 47-53, 2003. 

Essential oils are usually derived from the non-seed parts of the plants with chemical composition other than the triglyceride structure of natural fats and oils. They refer to the subtle, aromatic liquids extracted from the flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, bark and roots of herbs, bushes, shrubs and trees through distillation. Essential oils are concentrated liquids containing volatile aromatic compounds. They are used in perfumery, aromatherapy, cosmetics, incense, medicine, household cleaning products and for flavouring food and drink. Their use in aromatherapy and other health care areas is growing. 

Edeleanu Process. The first commercially successful application of extraction of petroleum-refining processes was established by Edeleanu (38, 39), who extracted aromatic hydrocarbons from kerosenes with liquid sulfur dioxide to improve their burning qualities. The solvent is extremely selective for this purpose and acts without chemical reaction. 

Amigo, S.G. Falcon, M.S.G. Yusty, M.A.L. Lozano, J.S. Supercritical Uqud extraction of polycycHc aromatic hydrocarbons from U ver samples and determination by HPLC-FL. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 2000, 367 (6), 572 578. Hawthorne, S.B. Grabanski, C.B. Martin, E. Miller, D.J. Comparison of Soxhlet extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and subdritical water extraction for environmental solids Recovery, selectivity and effects on sample matrix. J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 892, 421 33. 

Toribio, R, Moyano, E., Puignou, L., and Galceran, M. T. 2000b. Determination of heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat extracts by liquid chromatography-ion-trap atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 869 307-317. 

Other investigated separations with ionic liquids as extractant include the (aromatic + cyclic hydrocarbon) extraction, the (alkene + alkane) extraction, and the (sulfur-containing aromatic + aliphatic) extraction. These extractions follow the same trends observed for general (aromatic + ahphatic) extractions. However, it is more difficult to extract aromatics from cyclic hydrocarbons compared to linear ahphatic hydrocarbons by using ionic liquids. 

On the industrial scene, the most prominent applications both in scale and number are seen in the petroleum industry. Liquid extraction is used here to separate petroleum fractions selectively and to purify or otherwise refine them. In the Edeleanu process, which is close to a century old, liquid sulfur dioxide is used to extract aromatics from various feedstocks. The removal of the ever-present sulfur compounds is accomplished by extraction with sodium hydroxide solutions. In addition, a wide range of organic solvents is used in the purification and refining of various lubricants. 

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