Extraction using supercritical carbon

Mukhopadhyay, Natural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2000 Moyler, Extraction of flavours and fragrances with compressed CO2, in Extraction of Natural Products Using Near-Critical Solvents, King and Bott (eds.), Blackie Academic Professional, London, 1993. 

Development of a method for semicontinnons extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (Andersson et al., 1997). 

Essential oil recovered by traditional steam distillation contains 5-10% of the hallucinatory compound, myristicin. Nguyen et al. (1998) reported that extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide yielded a volatile fraction containing less myristicin. 

M. Mukhopadhyay, Natural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, CRC Press Boca Raton, FL, 2000. 

The flavors and fragrances extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide are signiflcantly different from those extracted using steam distillation or solvent extraction. The SFE extract can almost be viewed as a new product, as usually the amount extracted is higher (Table 2) and the composition of the extract is somewhat different (Table 3), as more aromatic molecules... 

Verotta L, Peterlongo F (1993) Selective extraction of phenolic components from Ginkgo biloba extracts using supercritical carbon dioxide and off-line capillary gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Phytochem Anal 4(4) 178-182... 

A. M. A. Dias, A. Rey-Rico, R. A. Oliveira, S. Marceneiro, C. Alvarez-Lorenzo, A. Concheiro, R. N. C. Junior, M. E. M. Braga, H.C. de Sousa, Wound dressings loaded with an anti-inflammatory juca (Libidibia ferrea) extract using supercritical carbon dioxide technology. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 74 (2013), p 34-35. 

Extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide has been an established industrial-scale technique for many years. High-pressure CO2 extraction is already widely used, for example, for dealcoholization decaffeination of coffee and tea processing of tobacco, hops, spices, and fats and oils from both vegetable and animal sources and also to extract specific compounds or active ingredients for the food, beverage, and tobacco sector and in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the fields of cosmetics, leafher, textile, paints, and beverages. 

Danlami, J.M., Zaini, M.A.A., Arsad, A., Yunus, M.A.C., 2015. A parametric investigation of castor oil (Ridnus communis L.) extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide via response surface optimization. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 53, 32-39. 

H. Daimon and Y. Hirata, Direct coupling of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography with superaitical fluid extraction using modified carbon dioxide , J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 17 809-813 (1994). 

Bernardo-Gil G, Oneto C, Antunes P, Rodrigues MF and Empis JM. 2001. Extraction of lipids from cherry seed oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. EurFood Res Technol 212(2) 170—174. 

Saldana MDA, Zetzl C, Mohamed RS and Brunner G. 2002b. Extraction of methylxanthines from guarana seeds, mate leaves, and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol. J Agric Food Chem 50 4820 1826. 

Shen Z, Palmer MV, Ting SST and Fairclough RJ. 1997. Pilot scale extraction and fractionation of rice bran oil using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Agric Food Chem 45(12) 4540-4544. 

Zhang C, Brusewitz GH, Maness NO and Gasem KAM. 1995. Feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide for extracting oil from whole pecans. Trans ASAE 38(6) 1763-1767. 

CNG [Consolidated Natural Gas] A process for removing acid gases from natural gas and syngas, using supercritical carbon dioxide. Under development since 1973 by the Consolidated Natural Gas Research Company with assistance from the U.S. Department of Energy and Helipump Corporation. Liquid carbon dioxide is first used to extract the sulfur compounds. Crystallization at the triple point separates these sulfur compounds from the... 

Barnabas et al. [51] have discussed an experimental design approach for the extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons from soil using supercritical carbon dioxide. They studied 16 different polyaromatic hydrocarbons using pure carbon dioxide and methanol modified carbon dioxide. The technique is capable of determining down to lOOmg kgy1 polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils. 

Quispe-Condori S, Sanchez D, Foglio MA, Rosa PTV, Zetzl C, Brunner G Meireles MAA. (2005) Global yield isotherms and kinetic of artemisinin extraction from Artemisia annua L leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercriti Fluids 36 40 8. 

Examines the supercritical extraction of dry tobacco powder using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as solvent (Rincon et al., 1998). 

Agricultural processing will still incorporate solvents. As an example, soybean flakes were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide to produce a solvent-free, good-quality soybean oil. During the SFE process, volatile compounds were trapped on a porous polymer trap attached at the exhaust port of the SFE apparatus. The volatile profile obtained from the sorbent trap was found to be similar to the headspace profile from the SFE/soybean oil removed during the same extraction. In addition, crude soybean oil was heated in a stirred reactor and the volatiles, which were stripped by supercritical carbon dioxide in an attempt to improve oil properties, were collected on sorbent traps and analyzed by the above method for comparison. The described methodology permits the characterization of volatiles and semivolatUes in SEE soybean oil and can be used to monitor the extraction and quality of the resultant oil (Snyder and King, 1994). 

The resinoids described above should be distinguished from prepared oleoresins (e.g., pepper, ginger, and vanilla oleoresins), which are concentrates prepared from spices by solvent extraction. The solvent that is used depends on the spice currently, these products are often obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide [223a]. Pepper and ginger oleoresins contain not only volatile aroma compounds, but also substances responsible for pungency. 

AJ. Jay, T.W. Smith and P. Richmond, The extraction of food colours using supercritical carbon dioxide, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, Nice (ed. M. Perrut), (1988) 821. 

Phylloquinone has been extracted from powdered infant formula using supercritical carbon dioxide at 8000 psi and 60°C for 15 min (65). The extracted material was readily recovered by depressurization of the carbon dioxide across an adsorbent trap and then washed from the trap with a small volume of dichloromethane/acetone (1 + 1) to give a sample suitable for direct HPLC analysis. Trial experiments gave recoveries of 92% of phylloquinone from a Chro-mosorb W matrix. A similar technique was applied to the extraction of retinyl palmitate from cereal products (90). 

Samples of sand spiked with 36 nitroaromatic compounds, 19 haloethers, and 42 organochlorine pesticides, and a standard reference soil (certified for 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, dibenzofuran, and pentachlorophenol) were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide in a two- or four-vessel supercritical fluid extractor to establish the efficiency of the extraction and the degree of agreement of the parallel extraction recoveries. Furthermore, the many variables that influence the extraction process (e.g., flowrate, pressure, temperature, moisture content, cell volume, sample size, extraction time, modifier type, modifier volume, static versus dynamic extraction, volume of solvent in the collection vessel, and the use of glass beads to fill the void volume) were investigated. 

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