Extraction early history

More interesting, as regards future developments, are the eiforts now being made to dispense with opium as an intermediate in the production of morphine. The early history of experiments in the direct extraction of the alkaloid from poppy capsules and poppy straw has been recounted by Goris and by Wiiest and Frey. ... 

The early history of enzymes is associated widi die process of brewing and die production of wine because of die economic importance of these processes in Europe in the nineteenth century. Following on from the work of Pasteur, it was Buchner and others who showed that an extract of yeast carried out fermentation (i.e. die conversion of glucose to alcohol) as well as die yeast cell itself. The agents diat did diis catalysis in the extract were simply described as in yeast which, from the Greek enQn) and zyme, is the name enzyme was derived. 

Occurrence, Early History, Extraction, Purification - Physical Properties— Chemical Properties--Physiological Action—Atomic Weight- Alloys Doteetion and Estimutlon. 

In the early history of gas chromatogra-phy/olfactometry (GC/O vn/tgu), the goal of GC/O analysis was to determine when an odor elutes from a GC in order to identify it. The analysis yielded a list of times and, with appropriate standards, retention indices. When combined with other chemical analysis methods, such as mass spectrometry (MS), a name for a particular odorant could be proposed. Comparing both the chemical and sensory properties of the odorant with those of authentic standards allowed researchers to identify the odorant with considerable certainty. The number of odorants that are detected, however, is determined by a number of factors, including the design of the olfactometer, the fraction of the extract injected, and, as we now suspect, the genetics of the sniffer. 

How can we know about the early history of the Earth What evidence do we have for this period of Earth history, and how reliable is this evidence In this section we review the nature of the early geological record, enquire about the types of data that might be extracted from it and assess the quality of the information available. Of course in addition to the geological record, there is also much information to be gained about the early Earth from the planetary record. This is discussed in Chapter 2. 

It has been known for centuries that the material called curare has the effect of causing muscular paralysis. This material had been brought to Europe from South America in small quantities by explorers, and was known to have been prepared by the natives in the form of aqueous extracts and concentrates for use as arrow poisons. The early history of the South American Indian arrow poisons has been described in detail by McIntyre (1). The samples available for scientific examination have varied so widely in botanical origin, physiological potency, and chemical constitution that it is only in recent years that definite information has been obtained about the chemical compounds responsible for the curare activity of the South American curare. 

The early history of archil is given by Beckmann " and Berthollet. It is a colour extracted from different kinds of lichens, such as Rocella tinctoria and Lecanora tinctoria, and by a somewhat different method of preparation litmus... 

The indigo plant was used as early as 3000 BCE to make purple dyes. For many years humans used insects, snails, and plants to make dyes of bright red, deep red, purple, brown, yellow, and black. The processes of extracting the dyes were expensive. Only the wealthy, and primarily royalty at this early time in history, could afford the deep purple dyes for their clothing and robes. Thus, the tradition of purple as the color of kings was originated. 

It is not yet understood how life began on Earth nearly four billion years ago, but it is certain that at some point very early in evolutionary history life became cellular. All cell membranes today are composed of complex amphiphilic molecules called phospholipids. It was discovered in 1965 that if phospholipids are isolated from cell membranes by extraction with an organic solvent, then exposed to water, they self-assemble into microscopic cell-sized vesicles called liposomes. It is now known that the membranes of the vesicles are composed of bimolecular layers of phospholipid, and the problem is that such complex molecules could not have been available at the time of life s beginning. Phospholipids are the result of a long evolutionary process, and their synthesis requires enzymatically catalyzed reactions that were not available for the first forms of cellular life. 

Since early antiquity, spices and resins from animal and plant sources have been used extensively for perfumery and flavor purposes, and to a lesser extent for their observed or presumed preservative properties. Fragrance and flavor materials vary from highly complex mixtures to single chemicals. Their history began when people discovered that components characteristic of the aroma of natural products could be enriched by simple methods. Recipes for extraction with olive oil and for distillation have survived from pre-Christian times to this day. 

Taxol has had a most unusual clinical development history. As with many natural products that have been discovered to provide therapeutic benefit to humans, it was the extract of a plant that provided the first hint of the oncological potential of this product. Natural product chemists typically subject purified plant extracts to screening for therapeuhc achvity. In 1963, an extract of the bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia (Figure 7.2) showed anti-tumor activity. This early work was done by Monroe Wall and Monsukh Wani of the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) [3]. 

Codeine, also known as methylmorpliine, C H2 NOt H20, is a colorless white crystalline substance, mp 154.9 C, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and chloroform, effloresces slowly in dry air. Codeine is derived from opium by extraction or by the methylation of morphine. For medical use, codeine is usually offered as the dichlotide, phosphate, or sulfate. Codeine is habit forming. Codeine is known to exacerbate urticaria (familiarly known as hives). Since codeine is incorporated in numerous prescription medicines for headache, heartburn, fatigue, coughing, and relief of aches and pains, persons with a history of urticaria should make this fact known to their physician. Codeine is sometimes used ill cases of acute pericarditis to relieve severe chest pains in early phases of disease. Codeine is sometimes used in drug therapy of renal (kidney) diseases. 

Hydromorphone and its natural opioid relatives have been used to relieve pain, treat a variety of ailments, and create euphoric feelings at least as far back as the time of the ancient Greeks. In early Greek history, the priests controlled the use of opium and ascribed to it supernatural powers. In the fifth century bc, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, dismissed the supernatural attributes of opium. Hippocrates believed opium had cathartic, narcotic, hypnotic, and styptic properties. He believed that all diseases had a natural origin and could be cured by natural therapies. All of the natural opiates historically were derived from opium poppy plants. The liquid extracted from the poppy seeds was typically dried to create a concentrated powder. These extracts were then smoked, eaten, or drank. 

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