Extra-cellular controls

Within a photosynthetic unicellular alga function mechanisms which control the integrated activities of its nucleus and cytoplasm and vnthin its cytoplasm of the chloroplasts, mitochondria, micro-somes, ER membranes and hyaloplasm. Within the multicellular organism extra-cellular controls determine the distribution and activity of centres of organised cell division (meristems), of organised cell expansion and of the specialised tissues concerned with photosynthesis, the bio-synthesis of particular metabolic products, solute and water absorption, translocation and so on. Thus, superimposed upon the nutritive inter-relationships of the specialised structures within the cells we now have nutritive inter-relationships between cells fulfilling different and partial functions in the economy of the whole organism. 

Malik, N.A., Otiko, G. and Sadler, P.J. (1980) Control of intra- and extra-cellular sulfhydryl-disulfide balances with gold phosphine drugs Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human blood. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 12, 317-322. 

Cellular and extra-cellular environment regulatory genes transcription control... 

Four to eight hundred mis of bile are secreted daily in humans and the contained BAs are strong detergents. They can be cytotoxic to the mucosal cell membranes, and can adversely affect many tissues, both intra- and extra-cellularly. Therefore, many strategies have evolved to control their distribution. 

This pioneering work showed that the sodium pump was not confined to the plasma membrane of excitable cells (the pump is in fact found in virtually all animal cells) it also paved the way for an avalanche of mechanistic studies examining very many aspects of the function of the sodium pump. These included partial reactions, kinetic affinities for the three substrates at both sides of the membrane and their mutual interdependence, ATP utilization and its stoichiometric relationship to cation fluxes. Such experiments were readily performed on the red cell since these are available in large quantities and the development of simple technical procedures such as red cell ghost formation by transient hypotonic shock allowed ready access to, and control of, the intra- as well as extra-cellular face of the pump. 

Plant and animal tissue has a complex microstructure (e.g., Khaled and Vafai, 2003), consisting of cells, extra-cellular matrix (ECM), and porosity. Tissue and other biological systems are usually structured over several length-scales (Chu and Lee, 2004). Convective transport in a tissue is controlled by the vascular... 

This communication has reconfirmed the marked protection against myocardial reperfiision injury afforded by ischemic PC. The novel findings in this communication are that following prolonged ischemia, PC causes a marked decrease of the levels of cellular redistribution and extra-cellular mobilization of iron and copper. Furthermore, PC is associated with an accumulation of intracellular ferritin, and a concomitant decrease in ferritin-iron saturation. It is postulated that the low, but significant and reproducible, mobilization levels of intracellular iron, following each cycle of PC, have led to the conversion of the iron-responsive proteins, notably IRP-1, to cytosolic aconitase, and the consequent relief of the tight inhibitory control of ferritin synthesis. 

It was named Dopamine because it was a monoamine, and its synthetic precursor was 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). He was awarded Nobel Prize in 2000 along with Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard in Medicine for showing that dopamine is not just a precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline, but also neurotransmitter as well. DO is a type of neurotransmitter naturally produced in by the human body. It is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus. It is a chemical messenger that is similar to adrenaline and affects the brain processes that control movement, emotional response, and the capacity to feel pleasure and pain. It is vital for performing balanced and controlled movements [172,173], In the extra-cellular fluid of the central nervous system, the basal DO concentration is very low (0.01-1 pM). Abnormal levels of DO have been linked with Parkinson s disease, Tourette s syndrome, Schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactive disorder and generation of pituitary tumours [174-176],... 

Suzuki, Y, Kusakabe, M., Kaibara, M., Iwaki, M., Sasabe, H., and Nishisaka, T., Cell adhesion control by ion implantation into extra-cellular matrix, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B9I, 588-592 (1994). 

Modelling of Light Scattering by Biological Cells in Absorptive and Controlled Extra-cellular Media... 

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