Extender oils properties

Plasticizers and Processing Aids. Petroleum-based oils are commonly used as plasticizers. Compound viscosity is reduced, and mixing, processing, and low temperature properties are improved. Air permeabihty is increased by adding extender oils. Plasticizers are selected for their compatibihty and low temperature properties. Butyl mbber has a solubihty parameter of ca 15.3 (f /cm ) [7.5 (cal/cm ) ], similar to paraffinic and naphthenic oils. Polybutenes, paraffin waxes, and low mol wt polyethylene can also be used as plasticizers (qv). Alkyl adipates and sebacates reduce the glass-transition temperature and improve low temperature properties. Process aids, eg, mineral mbber and Stmktol 40 ms, improve filler dispersion and cured adhesion to high unsaturated mbber substrates. 

Mineral oils also known as extender oils comprise of a wide range of minimum 1000 different chemical components (Figure 32.6) and are used extensively for reduction of compound costs and improved processing behaviors.They are also used as plastisizers for improved low temperature properties and improved rubber elasticity. Basically they are a mixture of aromatic, naphthanic, paraffinic, and polycyclic aromatic (PCA) materials. Mostly, 75% of extender oils are used in the tread, subtread, and shoulder 10%-15% in the sidewall approximately 5% in the inner Uner and less than 10% in the remaining parts for a typical PCR tire. In total, one passanger tire can contain up to 700 g of oil. 

The carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic compound-rich tyre extender oils has lead to the proposal of a legislative ban on their use in Europe. The suitability of naphthenic oils as non-toxic plasticisers in tyre treads is discussed and results are presented of experimental studies of the use of these plasticisers in SBR, EPDM, sulphur-cured EPDM and peroxide-cured EPDM. Despite their low aromatic content, the naphthenic plasticisers are shown to give good results in SBR, probably as a result of the contribution to solvent characteristics of the naphthenic molecular structure. The use of naphthenic oils is expected to increase worldwide as they are said to be one of the best alternatives to aromatic extracts with regard to solvent properties, compatibility, performance and availability. 

The materials are melt-process able and a critical stress for flow is observed, similar to conventional PP/EPDM-based TPVs. Application of static crosslinking leads to (partial) connectivity of the rubber particles via chemical bridging of grafted PE chains. Dynamic preparation conditions caused the connected structure to break-up, which led to a significant enhancement of the mechanical properties and the melt processability. The addition of 25-80 wt% extender oil resulted in a reduced complex viscosity and yield stress in the melt, without deteriorating the mechanical properties. The relatively good elastic recovery and excellent final properties of these high hardness TPVs can be explained in terms of the submicrometer rubber dispersions. 

Aclmowledgments Thanks are extended to the Department of Oil Properties of the City of Long Beach and THUMS Long Beach Company for the support of this study, to PQ Corporation for its support to participate in the Soluble Silicates Symposium and to Drs. R.M. Weinbrandt and T.C. Campbell of Aminoil, USA, Inc. for their help in providing material and technical assistance. 

Hamlin and Valencia washed orange pulp from several crop years were dried and analyzed. The range in values of total pectin, neutral detergent fiber and crude fiber were 26.0-45.6%, 15.8-31.0% and 9.9-20.6% respectively. In addition, detailed nutrient and dietary fiber analyses were obtained for selected samples. Functional properties such as flavor muting, chromatophore formation and oil holding properties were noted. Food processing modification yields a novel form of the hydrated pulp with extended functional properties. 

Uses Eiller, extender, and property enhancer in paints, coatings, mbber, latexes, flexible and rigid vinyl, PVC plastisols, polyolefins, building prods. Features Controlled particle size, low surf, area, high brightness, and low oil absorp. easy disp. exc. whiteness Properties Powd. 3.5 p avg. particle size 0.004% +325 mesh sp.gr. 2.7 dens. 62 Ib/ff (tapped) bulk dens. 30 Ib/fl surf, area 3.1 mVg oil absorp. 20 g/100 g oil brightness 96 Vicron 25-11 [Specialty Mins.]... 

Any petroleum process oil used in the manufacture of rubber and rubber products. Rubber oils may be used either as rubber extender oils or as rubber process oils. Rubber extender oils are used by the synthetic rubber manufacturer to soften stiff elastomers and reduce their unit volume cost while improving performance characteristics of the rubber. Rubber process oils are used by the manufacturer of finished rubber products (tires, footwear, tubing, etc.) to speed mixing and compounding, modify the physical properties of the elastomer, and facilitate processing of the final product. 

Softeners, Tackifiers, and Processing Aids. Softeners (e.g., extender oils, process aids, and tackifiers) are added to (1) improve processing characteristics of the compound, (2) to modify the final compound properties (e.g., hardness), (3) to reduce the cost of the compound (i.e., an extender oil, being inexpensive and enabling greater levels of inexpensive flUer), and (4) to reduce the power consumption during processing. 

Other fillers, plasticizing, and extending oils, etc., all of which influence the stress-strain properties, and are not considered in the theories discussed here. 

Hydrocarbon oils are often used in rubber compounds. Their function is twofold. First, they plasticize the polymer, making it softer and easier to process. This is particularly important with very high molecular weight polymers. Second, since they are usually cheaper than the rubber polymer, they act like fillers in reducing the cost of the compound. Extending oils are available in various degrees of aromaticity and the properties of the compound depend on the type of oil in relation to the polymer as well as oil level. 

It is important to keep in mind also, that in practice, rubbers are rarely used in the form of pure polymer. They are almost always reinforced with carbon black, and often contain other fillers, plasticizing and extending oils, etc., all of which influence the stress-strain properties, and are not considered in the theories discussed here. 

Processing Aids. Petroleum oils are processing aids as well as softeners/extenders/plasticizers. This section concentrates on those materials which serve mainly as processing aids without a large contribution to vulcanized properties. They are most often used at much lower levels. 

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