Extended carbonaceous materials

The prime requirement of any carbonaceous material used in the blast furnace hearth wall or bottom is to contain Hquid iron and slag safely within the cmcible, throughout extended periods of continuous operation, often up to 15 years. 

The term "anilite1 was extended after WWII to any liq expl contg N204 as an oxidizer, and a liq carbonaceous material (such as benzene, butane, etc) as a fuel... 

There is no precise definition of an active carbon , but it is generally understood to be a carbonaceous material of appreciable specific surface area. If it is to be an effective adsorbent, an active carbon must have a surface area of at least 5 m2 g1. Active carbons used as industrial adsorbents have much larger BET-areas, which may extend well above 2000 m2 g1. In accordance with this broad definition, an active carbon may be porous or non-porous. The term activated carbon has a more specific connotation, however, since it is reserved for a highly porous carbon produced from a carbon-rich material by some form of chemical or physical activation. 

They have extended the kinetic study of lithium intercalation to such transition metal oxides as Lii.gNi02," " " Lii.8Mn204," " Li +s[Ti5/3Li,/3]04," 205, and carbonaceous materials. In these works, they have reported that the theoretical CTs, based upon the cell-impedance control concept, matched quantitatively those experimentally measured all the anomalous features of the experimental transients were readily interpreted in the cell-impedance controlled transients with such simplified parameters as electrochemical active area, dimensionality of the diffusion path, cell impedance, etc. 

They have extended the kinetic study of lithium intercalation to such transition metal oxides as Li, Ni02, Li +s[Ti5/3Li /3]04, and carbonaceous materials. In these... 

The well-estabhshed mechanism of the surface reduction for cychc carbonates has been the single-electron reduction pathway proposed by Aurbach et al. (Scheme 5.3), which leads to the commonly named alkyl carbonates or semi-carbonates. Thereafter, Aurbach et al. further proposed that the presence of LEDC from EC reduction passivates graphite carbonaceous materials, which allows the intercalation/de-intercalation of lithium ions. This seminal notion addressed the fact that EC is the indispensable cosolvent in all electrolyte compositions and hence has been well accepted by the electrochemical community. Few years later, Ein-Eli found that electrolytes based on DMC and EMC were also able to support reversible Li-ion chemistry with graphite anodes, and the above single-electron pathway was extended to these linear carbonates. Scheme 5.5 [37]. 

Activated carbon in its broadest sense includes a wide range of processed amorphous carbon-based materials. It is not truly an amorphous material but has a microcrystalline stracture. Activated carbons have a highly developed porosity and an extended interparticulate surface area Their preparation involves two main steps the carbonization of the carbonaceous raw material at temperatures below 800 C in an inert atmosphere and the activation of the carbonized product Thus, all carbonaceous materials can be converted into activated carbon, although the properties of the final product will be different depending on the nature of the raw material used, the nature of the activating agent and the conditions of the carbonization and activation processes. 

Neither charcoal nor bone samples studied in our laboratory (2,3,5,18) have shown visible changes during plasma extraction. Extended plasma oxidation would, of course, completely remove all the carbonaceous material from charcoals given sufficient reaction time. Exposure to an -1 gram sample long enough to provide five dates had no visible effect. From these studies, we are confident that carbon can be extracted virtually nondestructively , providing CO2 for and stable isotopic measurements. 

TT-Electron materials, which are defined as those having extended Jt-electron clouds in the solid state, have various peculiar properties such as high electron mobility and chemical/biological activities. We have developed a set of techniques for synthesizing carbonaceous K-electron materials, especially crystalline graphite and carbon nanotubes, at temperatures below 1000°C. We have also revealed new types of physical or chemical interactions between Jt-electron materials and various other materials. The unique interactions found in various Jt-electron materials, especially carbon nanotubes, will lay the foundation for developing novel functional, electronic devices in the next generation. 

In this study, we extend the range of inorganic materials produced from polymeric precursors to include copper composites. Soluble complexes between poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VPy) and cupric chloride were prepared in a mixed solvent of 95% methanol 5% water. Pyrolysis of the isolated complexes results in the formation of carbonaceous composites of copper. The decomposition mechanism of the complexes was studied by optical, infrared, x-ray photoelectron and pyrolysis mass spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic susceptibility measurements. 

Aromatic compounds larger than naphthalene are thermally and catalyti-cally labile toward condensation through their oligomers and carbonaceous derivatives (133). Hence, the organic substances, which stay on the catalyst for extended periods of time, become carbonaceous, irreversibly covering the catalyst surface. Such carbonaceous substances may also trap minerals, thus increasing the volume of coating materials. 

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