Explosives separation

CA 37, 6844(1943) (Comparison of explosibility of various combustible dusts) 25) Anon, "National Fire Codes for the Prevention of Dust Explosions , Separate, 176 pp, published by the NatlFireProtectionAssoc, Boston, Mass (1944) CA 39, 1294(1945) 26) I. Hartmann ... 

CAUTION The blender or mill lid should not be tightly closed until liquid nitrogen has evaporated completely to avoid explosive separation of the lid. Lids can be modified with a venting stainless steel tube or chimney to avoid this hazard. 

Pursue explosive separation as a remote manual operation in an ECR. 

Perform explosive separation in a separate facility with PMDs/ECRs, assuming state regulatory authorities will agree to an accelerated permit schedule. 

The original classification of explosives separated them into two very general types low and high, referring to the relative speeds of their chemical reactions and the relative pressures produced by these reactions. This classification still is used but is of limited utility because the only low explosives of any significance are black powder and smokeless powder. All other commercial and military explosives are high explosives. 

Separation and isolation. The doctrines described above can be applied. not only to be the handling of explosives, but to other areas also for the avoidance-of accidents. However the doctrine of separation is technically only applied to explosives. Separation involves arranging explosives in small amounts as far as possible. Explosives in small amounts are not hazardous, even if they are quite sensitive. Nevertheless we must cover each of the separated explosives so that they do not affect each other. 

Diacetone alcohol Disodium phosphate Dyestuffs Ethyl acetate Ethyl chloride Ethylene glycol Ethyl ether Ethyl phthalate Explosives (separate products) Fatty acid condensation products... 

Assemble container, explosive, separator, and shrapnel. Explosive must be paeked to imifonn densitp and thiek ness (should be weightof shrapnel). 

In the deduction of the explosive combustion, study of liquid and solid explosives separately is not a must. When heat is transferred to the solids, they start to liquefy. And the liquids follow the above combustion rules. Figure 2.2 indicates that the combustion of condensed explosives is similar to that of flammable gases under steady condition. The only difference is that for gas combustion aU mixtures are gases while the gases are obtained by evaporation of liquids. 

The elution order for neutral species in MEKC depends on the extent to which they partition into the micelles. Hydrophilic neutrals are insoluble in the micelle s hydrophobic inner environment and elute as a single band as they would in CZE. Neutral solutes that are extremely hydrophobic are completely soluble in the micelle, eluting with the micelles as a single band. Those neutral species that exist in a partition equilibrium between the buffer solution and the micelles elute between the completely hydrophilic and completely hydrophobic neutrals. Those neutral species favoring the buffer solution elute before those favoring the micelles. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography has been used to separate a wide variety of samples, including mixtures of pharmaceutical compounds, vitamins, and explosives. 

Chisel. Chisel testing is a quick, qualitative technique that is widely used to determine the soundness of explosion-welded metal interfaces. A chisel is driven into and along the weld interface, and the abiUty of the interface to resist the separating force of the chisel provides an excellent quaUtative measure of weld ductihty and strength. 

Centrifugal separators are used in many modem processes to rapidly separate the hydrocarbon and used acid phases. Rapid separation greatly reduces the amounts of nitrated materials in the plant at any given time. After an explosion in a TNT plant (16), decanters (or gravity separators) were replaced with centrifugal separators. In addition, rapid separation allows the hydrocarbon phase to be quickly processed for removal of the dissolved nitric acid, NO, etc. These dissolved materials lead to undesired side reactions. The organic phase generally contains some unreacted hydrocarbons in addition to the nitrated product. 

Nitromethane [75-52-5] is produced in China. Presumably a modified Victor Meyer method is being employed. Nitromethane is transported in dmms or smaller containers. Two tank cars of nitromethane exploded in separate incidents in the 1950s. Both explosions occurred in the switching yard of a railroad station. In both cases, essentially adiabatic vapor compression of the nitromethane—air mixture in the gas space of the tank car resulted in the detonation of the Hquid nitromethane. Other nitroparaffins do not, however, detonate in this manner. 

A central location where instmment leads are short is preferred. In modem faciHties with distributed control systems, all units are controUed from a central control room with few operators. Only a few roving operators are available to spot trouble. It is desirable to deep process equipment a minimum of 8 m away from the control room. Any equipment and hydrocarbon-containing equipment should be separated by at least 15 m if possible. Most control rooms are designed with blastproof constmction and have emergency backup power and air conditioning. The room is pressuri2ed to prevent infusion of outside air that may have hydrocarbon content in the explosive range. 

The areas for the reactors and storage tanks should be separated by fire walls, and must be adequately ventilated. Storage tanks should be blanketed by inert gas. A slight positive pressure of inert gas should be maintained in the reactor or storage tanks during the discharging of the resin or resin solution to prevent air from being sucked into the vessel to form an explosive mixture with the solvent vapor. 

An electrolytic cell, preferably having anode and cathode compartments separated by a porous membrane to prevent formation of explosive gas mixtures, is required (27). 

The iodine compound is more stable and separates as so-called nitrogen trHodide monoammoniate [14014-86-9], NI NH, an insoluble brownish-black soHd, which decomposes when exposed to light in the presence of ammonia. In reactions of the halogens with the respective ammonium salts, however, the action is different. Chlorine replaces hydrogen and nitrogen chloride [10025-85-1], NCl, separates as oily, yeUow droplets capable of spontaneous explosive decomposition. 

The reactants are fed separately iato a stUl, from which the product is continuously removed by distillation (qv) (31). Isopropyl nitrate is a valuable engiae-starter fuel and can be used ia explosives (see Explosives and propellants) (32). The nitrite ester, isopropyl nitrite, can be prepared from the reaction of isopropyl alcohol and either nitrosyl chloride or nitrous acid at ambient temperature (33). The ester is used as a jet engine propellant (30). 

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