Expert-like system

Keywords— electrosomatograph, expert-like system, algorithm, bio-electroimpedance. Identify. 

DDFAO s embedded expert-like system instantaneously proposes to the doctor its own analysis of the risks related to the current condition of the patient, suggesting possible complementary conventional examinations and actions related to several possible therapies. 

DDF AO expert-like system is able to deliver a full analytical report on the detailed functioning of the complete body with organs and systems (down to the hormones), along with quantifying the risks for pathologies, giving reconunendations for conventional examinations, and suggestions for therapies. 

This paper reflects the past activities of some of its authors in computer modeling of the chemical aspects of biological systems. This activity requires expertise in both model-building and in the relevant biology. It also involves examination of the actions of and results obtained by experts, like that routinely done in building expert systems. It also involves keeping track of and coherently explaining sequences of decisions, which expert systems are equipped to do. 

Major trends in the future growth of flow analysis are likely to include the evolution of instrument design (including miniaturisation and expert flow systems), the recognition of more flow-based standard methods, hyphenation with other detection systems and an impact on chemical measurements in new and emerging areas of science. 

Expert systems are soj isticated computer software equipped with their own databEise and databeise management system that accumulate and manipulate knowledge to solve problems in a specific problem area. Like the real expert, these systems use the symbolic logic and heuristic rules-of-thumb to find solutions. They have the ability to learn from their own errors and from the previously solved problans. 

At the start of the development, it had been intended use an expert system shell to implement this tool, however, after careful consideration, it was concluded that this was not the optimum strategy. An examination procedure can be considered as consisting of two parts fixed documentary information and variable parameters. For the fixed documentary information, a hypertext-like browser can be incorporated to provide point-and-click navigation through the standard. For the variable parameters, such as probe scanning paths, the decisions involved are too complex to be easily specified in a set of rules. Therefore a software module was developed to perfonn calculations on 3D geometric models, created fi om templates scaled by the user. 

In the first stages of the development of an Action plan all control options are considered. In the case of lakes, this process is aided by a PC-based expert system , PACGAP, which looks at the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake to determine the most likely option for control. Once further, more detailed information has been collected on the lake s nutrient inputs and other controlling factors, amore complex interactive model can be used (Phytoplankton Response To Environmental CHange, PROTECH-2) to define the efficacy of proposed control options more accurately. This model is able to predict the development of phytoplankton species populations under different nutrient and stratification regimes. 

In addition, a companjwide PSM system is likely to yield ongoing programs that can be supported by a relatively small, centralized group of experts. 

For convenience of searching for information on similar compounds, chemicals are grouped under 80 chemical classes. These same classes are used with the expert system. Synonyms for many of the compounds are also included where it is likely that the synonym might simplify searching. These same synonyms are also used in the expert system. 

The appearance of expert systems to solve practical problems, also in chemistry, started in the eighties. During this period much experience has been acquired through the expected and unexpected problems that arose during such projects. Until now there are only a few commercially available expert systems and this is not likely to change in the near future. This implies that expert systems will be mostly in-house developments. The different steps to consider are ... 

A second major public concern is over nuclear wastes. Most experts believe that it is possible to dispose of these in a manner that poses little threat to the environment and human health, given the small volume of the spent fuel, the decay with time of the radionuclides, and the potential effectiveness of engineered and natural barriers. The success that is likely to be achieved is examined through Total System Performance Assessments (TSPA) (see, e.g, OCWRM, 1998). 

Two major areas are likely to be the focus of expert systems in the scientific software area assisting users without extensive statistical training in starting to use statistics, and helping design multifactor experiments. 

Like all early expert systems, DENDRAL and SHRDLU required exact knowledge to function. The way that expert systems work depends on whether the knowledge that they manipulate is exact ("The temperature is 86°C") or vague ("The temperature is high"). We shall first consider how an ES can use exact knowledge to provide advice. Methods for dealing with ill-defined information form the topic for the next chapter, which covers fuzzy logic. 

Clearly, no matter how valuable an ES might be, unless an expert can be found who combines an appropriate level of understanding with the time and motivation needed to create the system, no ES can be created. This is often the key challenge in preparing a new ES, since almost by definition there are few experts available in areas in which the ES is likely to be of the greatest value. 

Now that the definition of a volatile liquid has been settled, the expert system could apply the rule. However, this approach is clearly unsatisfactory. The all-or-nothing crisp set that defines "volatile" does not allow for degrees of volatility. This conflicts with our common sense notion of volatility as a description, which changes smoothly from low-boiling liquids, like diethyl ether (boiling point = 34.6°C), which are widely accepted to be volatile, to materials like graphite or steel that are nonvolatile. If a human expert used the rule ... 

The OPCW expert group found however that the procedures for environmental sample analysis were too inflexible to achieve the desired outcome. A separate approach would be needed to enable a system that would provide the necessary level and quality of information, but be practical and also recognise the very infrequent likelihood of a requirement for this capability. Compared to the current OPCW approach to environmental samples, that for biomedical samples would likely use a laboratory with a research rather than a routine focus, the accreditation procedures would be less stringent, and the methods used would focus on high quality results at the lowest limits of detection, rather than high throughput. It is not expected that more than a few laboratories will wish to maintain all or some of the necessary expertise to perform these tasks. 

Improve tools like CHETAH so people can identify chemical reactivity hazards without detailed knowledge develop genuine expert system ... 

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