Expert inductive

Roles for an expert system can be learned by rule induction from a set of examples. This makes this method similar to the use of classifiers - it will solve problems of similar complexity and have similar disadvantages (e.g. possibility of unnoticed misclassifications). 

In Section 18.4, we explained that inductive expert systems can be applied for classification purposes and we refer to that section for further information and example references. It should be pointed out that the method is essentially univariate. Indeed, one selects a splitting point on one of the variables, such that it achieves the best discrimination, the best being determined by, e.g., an entropy function. Several references are given in Chapter 18. A comparison with other methods can be found, for instance, in an article by Mulholland et al. [22]. 

RuleMaster is a general-purpose software package for building and delivering expert systems. Its features include l) knowledge acquisition by inductive learning,... 

Inductive Learning (RuleMaker). Experts are best able to explain complex concepts to human apprentices implicitly by using examples of the expert s decision-making, rather than by explicitly stating fundamental theoretical principles. The apprentice quickly generalizes these example decisions to form working rules, which he applies when similar situations are encountered. 

GloveAID ( ) predicts the most effective glove materials to choose for protection against hazardous chemicals. There are no established experts in this field, because much of the protection effectiveness measurements are Just now being performed. The inductive learning aspect of RuleMaster is used to help organize the date which is available and to suggest which measurements should be performed next. 

RuleMaker, a subsystem of RuleMaster, induces rules for all situations from examples that may cover only some of the cases. At the heart of the induction process is the creation of an induction file, which in part includes examples indicating what the expert system should do under different circumstances. Now, in the example above, THE RULES FOR CORRELATING VARIOUS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS TESTED WITH THE PROTECTIVE ABILITY OF THE SELECTED GLOVE MATERIALS ARE NOT KNOWN — THEY WILL HAVE TO BE INDUCED FR04 THE ANALYTICAL DATA. 

Martignoni, M., Groothuis, G.M. and de Kanter, R. (2006) Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, 2, 875-894. 

Wiland, A.M. and B. Philosophe. 2004. Daclizumab induction in solid organ transplantation. Expert Opin. Bid. Ther. 4 729-740. 

II. TYPES OF EXPERT SYSTEMS A. Automated Rule-Induction (ARI) Systems 1. The Nature of ARI Systems... 

Work on expert systems in the specific domain of tablet film coating was initiated in April 1990, using a rule induction tool in order to develop a system for the identification and solution of defects in film-coated tablets. Although not strictly a formulation expert system, the developed system did contain knowledge whereby a given formulation known to cause defects could be modified to provide a solution. The completed system described by Rowe and Upjohn. 

Despite the immense dissemination of the ri-phase hypothesis among the experts, we felt it necessary to check this idea and came to the following statements [12, 15]. There are types of contact masses, which contain rj-CusSi, but are not active (e.g., some non-promoted types or contact masses within the induction period). On the other hand, there are contact mass types, which are active, but do not contain any X-ray detectable amount of ri-CujSi (e.g., some types with copper powder as copper component). Hence, T)-Cu3Si seems to be neither a sufficient nor a necessary precondition of the catalytic activity of contact masses. 

Induction training in QA may comprise the general audit procedures employed at the company, key audit SOPs and documentation requirements in QA. A thorough review of the regulatory framework for GCP is recommended, as QA auditors are expected to be experts for clinical trial regulations and all GCP aspects. It would impair the QA auditors credibility if they knew less than the auditees of the requirements that must be adhered to in drug development. 

Hukkanen J (2012) Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes a view on human in vivo findings. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 5(5) 569-585... 

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