Experiments on Fat-feeding

If butter rather than butterfat were employed, the carbohydrate in the liver may have arisen from the protein and lactose contained in it. Although after fat feeding, values of liver glycogen not exceeding those of the fasting controls have consistently been obtained by Deuel and coworkers in experiments with long-chain triglycerides, the maximum duration of these experiments was only forty-two hours. 

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Frederick Gowland Hopkins, analytical chemist, physician and biochemist, had conducted numerous experiments in animal feeding prior to his famous comment in 1906 that no animal could live on a diet of pure protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals and water. He cited the simple fact that animals live upon plants or other animals whose tissues contain many other substances besides those usually considered adequate for a normal diet, "...it is certain that there are many minor factors in all diets of which the body takes account." (11)... 

The problem is to prevent instability, not only to maintain the appearance of the emulsion, but so that the characteristics of the emulsion and of medicaments dissolved in the emulsion are as little changed on ageing as possible. As an example, ageing might alter the absorption of heparin from O/W emulsions where absorption of heparin appears to be directly related to the particle size and total surface area of the oil droplets [11]. Fat emulsions are used extensively in intravenous feeding [12] where it is vital that particles remain below 1 in diameter to avoid thrombophlebitis and other complications, but the state of the art is exemplified by the statement [13], that the emulsions must be stored in a refrigerator and no antibiotics, vitamins or potassium supplements added because they may break the emulsions . Lynn [14] reports some experiments on the addition of disodium carbenicillin and sodium cloxacillin to intravenous lipid emulsions which verify this statement. The special case of intravenous emulsions is dealt with in Section 8.7.2. 

Fat, from carbohydrates, II, 120-125 feeding experiments with, II, 134 metabolism of, II, 119-160 metabolism, effect of lactose on, II, 159 nutritive values of, II, 160 from sugars, IV, 114 transformation to carbohydrate, II, 125-145... 

The mtdn effect of riboflavin deficiency is on lipid metabolism. In experimented animals on a riboflavin-free diet, feeding a high-fat diet leads to more meirked impediment of growth, and a higher requirement for riboflavin to restore growth. There are edso changes in the patterns of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in membreme phospholipids. 

Compressed CO2 dissolves in melts of fats. Solubility measurements show at higher pressures, a minimum in the liquid-vapour isopleth, which is an indication of type III phase behaviour. Batch particle formation experiments show an influence of C02/melt-ratio, feed rate, temperature and pressure on the particle size and structure. This information is crucial for the development of applications and for optimization of the process. Three main shapes can be distinguished, spherical (solid or hollow), distorted and sponge-like particles. The particle sizes are in the range of 5-200pm... 

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