Experimental embolism

Zivin JA, Lyden PD, DeGirolami U, Kochhar A, Mazzarella V, Hemenway CC, Johnston P. Tissue plasminogen activator. Reduction of neurologic damage after experimental embolic stroke. Arch Neurol. 1988 45 387-391. 

The pancreas was first transplanted in 1966. This was a transplant of multiple organs where kidney and duodenum were also transplanted in a 28-year-old woman she exhibited a decrease in sugar levels immediately after transplantation, but died 3 months later due to pulmonary embolism. The first partial pancreatic transplant, in which the donor was a living relative, was performed in 1979 but until 1990, it was considered an experimental procedure. 

Schuler OG, Eriskat J, Baethmann AJ, Back T (2001a) Thrombolysis induces a reperfusion-dependent inhibition of peri-infarct depolarizations in experimental thromboembolic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21 S396 Schuler OG, Plesnila N, Otto D, Baethmann AJ, Back T (2001b) Early thrombolysis inhibits periinfarct depolarizations in embolic MCA occlusion. NeuroReport 12 3943-3946 Schwindt W, Burke M, Pillekamp F, Luhmann HJ, Hoehn M (2004) Functional magnetic resonance imaging and somatosensory evoked potentials in rats with a neonatally induced freeze lesion of the somatosensory cortex. J Cereb Blood FlowMetab 24 1409-1418... 

The effect of hypothermia in combination with thrombolytics has also been evaluated in only a few experimental studies. Meden et al. (11) studied differences in thrombolytic effectiveness in a rat embolic stroke model. In this study, 2 h of intraischemic hypothermia was administered with or without thrombolytic therapy. Thrombolysis was initiated at 2 h after ischemia onset. The investigators found that both hypothermia and thrombolysis significantly reduced infarct volume, but they could not demonstrate any added benefit of thrombolysis over hypothermia alone. A recent study by Wang et al. (12) used a focal embolic brain ischemia model to study the effects of minocycline, an antiinflammatory agent, alone or in combination with mild hypothermia (34—35°C started 1 h after embolization, 2-h duration). The results showed that both minocycline and the hypothermia-minocycline combination reduced infarct volume significantly, but no additive effect was observed. 

Fidler, I. J. (1973b) The relationship of embolic heterogeneity, number size and viability to the incidence of experimental metastasis. Eur. J. Cancer 9, 223-227. 

Penry JK, Cordell AR, Johnston FR, and Netsky MG. Cerebral embolism by antifoam A in a bubble oxygenator system An experimental and clinical study. Surgery 1960 47 784-794. 

Orebaugh SL. Venous air embolism clinical and experimental considerations. Crit Care Med 1992 20(8) 1169-77. 

The vasoconstrictor action of shed blood tested by perfusion of the rabbit ear is markedly decreased by heparin and this was known long before the identification of the vasoconstrictor activity as serotonin (5-hydroxytryp-tamine). Heparin inhibits the release of both 5-hydroxytryptamine and a polypeptide from platelets into plasma, and in vitro there is mutual antagonism between heparin and 5-hydroxytryptamine . Heparin effectively antagonizes the effect of serotonin on pulmonary vascular bed and bronchial wall musculature and prevents the symptoms of 5-HT release in pulmonary embolism, in the cardiopulmonary by-pass, in experimental burn injuries and in carcinoid tumour. 

The fibrin(ogen) and platelet response to y-globulin-coated Silastic was similar to that on y-globulin-coated PVC. On both surfaces the relative rate of deposition of fibrin(ogen) initially (Table I) was much less than that of the platelets. On Silastic, the preadsorbed y-globulin was 11 times more concentrated than the amount that would be adsorbed onto the uncoated surface. Not much embolization occurred during an experimental blood exposure time of 120 min. 

Bastian P., Bartkowski R., Kohler H. and Kissel T. 1998. Chemo-embolization of experimental liver metastases. Part I distribution of biodegradable microspheres of different sizes in an animal model for the locoregional therapy, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 46(3), 243-254. 

Gurewich, V. and Thomas, D.P. (1970). Streptokinase in acute pulmonary embolism. An experimental study. ]. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 59, 655-661... 

Choe DH, Moon HH, Gyeong HK, et al. (1997) An experimental study of embolic effect according to infusion rate and concentration of suspension in transarterial particulate embolization. Invest Radiol 32 260-267... 

Gold RE, Grace DM (1975) Gelfoam embolization of the left gastric artery for bleeding ulcer experimental considerations. Radiology 116 575-580... 

Cho KJ, Reuter SR, Schmidt R (1976) Effects of experimental hepatic artery embolization on hepatic function. AJR Am J Roentgenol 127 563-567... 

Castaneda-Zuniga WR, Jauregui H, Rysavy J, et al. (1978) Selective transcatheter embolization of the upper gastrointestinal tract an experimental study. Radiology 127 81-83... 

Low-dose particulate polyvinylalcohol embolization in massive small artery intestinal hemorrhage. Experimental and clinical results. Invest Radiol 22 388-392... 

I n an experimental animal model, ithasbeen found that after embolization of the kidney, the uterus, or the liver in the sheep with 500-700, 700-900 and 900-1200 pm microspheres that, for each caliber, the level of occlusion was more distal with Contour SE compared to TGMS of the same size [36]. These differences could be explained by a higher intravascular deformation of CSE compared to TGMS (Fig. 10.6.2). There were fewer differences in terms of location between TGMS and Bead Block (Fig. 10.6.2). 

Murayama Y, Vinuela F, Tateshima S, Vinuela F Jr, Akiba Y (2000) Endovasculartreatment of experimental aneurysms by use of a combination of liquid embolic agents and protective devices. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 1726-1735... 

Cho, KJ., Fanders, B., Smid,. A., and McLaughlin, P. (1989) Experimental hepatic artery embolization with a collagen embolic agent in rabbits . microcirculatory study. Investigative Radiology, 24, 371-374. 

Egawa H et al. (1990) Effects of intra-arterial chemotherapy with a new lipophilic anticancer agent estradiol-chlorambucil (KM2210) dissolved in lipiodol on experimental liver tumor in rats. J Surg Oncol 44 109-114 Feldman F et al. (1975) Selective intra-arterial embolization of bone tumors A useful adjunct in the management of selected lesions. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 123 130-139... 

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