Experience curves ethanol

Prepare an experience curve for ethanol using the same format as Figure... 

Solubility curves for different types of Hp have been presented (H5, H7). The higher solubility of type 1-1 than that of the others is in conformity with its lower molecular weight. The irregularity of the solubility curves for Hp of 2-2 and 2-1 type reflects the molecular heterogeneity of these two proteins. It is known from fractionation experiments with ammonium sulfate as well as with ethanol that the slower Hp bands are enriched in those Hp fractions that are precipitated first. So far, we have not been able to separate any of the Hp bands completely from the others, except the 1-1 band in ascitic fluid of type 2-1. 

Plot the standard curve using the spreadsheet procedure used in Experiment 18. The y-axis is the area ratio, and the x-axis is the ethanol concentration. Obtain the correlation coefficient and the concentrations of the unknown and control, if there is one. 

From a practical point of view, data obtained by CA methods are more useful. Figure 15.8 shows examples of the CA curves obtained in 0.5 M ethanol solution in 0.1 M HCIO4 at an anodic potential of 600 mV vs. SCE. In both of the CA curves there is a sharp initial current drop in the first 5 min, followed by a slower decay. The sharp decrease might be related to a double layer thus indicating that the catalysts differ mainly in their active area based on the above CV experiments in acid solution. In longer runs it was found that the current (j after 30 min polarization at 600 mV vs. SCE) obtained on PtSn-1 electrodes is higher than that on PtSn-2. The quasi-steady-state current density stabilized for both the catalysts within 0.5 h at the potential hold. The final current densities on PtSn-1 and PtSn-2 electrodes after holding the cell potential at 600 mV vs. SCE for 30 min were 3.5 and 0.3 mA, respectively. 

A) Representative experiment showing the effect of ethanol on non-NMDA reseptor-mediated response. (B) Representative experiment showing die influence of crocin on ethanol-induced inhibition of non-NMDA response. Crocin (10 iM) was applied 10 min prior to ethanol (white bar). (C) Concentration-effect curves for ethanol inhibition of non-NMDA response in the absence (O) or presence ( ) of 10 pM crocin. 

The kinetics of e,r decay in vitreous MTHF and ethanol at 77 K by reactions with different mono- and bifunctional acceptor molecules was studied by Huddleston and Miller in the time interval 10 6 to 102s. The structural formulae of some of the compounds used by these authors are presented in Fig. 20. Preliminary experiments had established an inertness of the bridges connecting Bj and B2 in the molecules B, -B2 with respect to trapping of etr. Figure 21 presents typical curves of elr decay in vitreous solutions containing (1) only one monofunctional acceptor B, (PEOA) in a concentration N (2) only one monofunctional acceptor B2 (AEOA) in the same concentration TV (3) simultaneously both the monofunctional acceptors B, and B2, each in... 

For the substitute food simulants 95 % ethanol and iso-octane a precision experiment has not been carried out. However, from experience with establishment of calibration curves, r-values can be expected to be in the same range as with the other food simulants. 

The plasticizing action of several hydrogen bonding, low molecular weight compounds such as methanol, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, ethylene ycol, phenol, aniline, and acetic acid has been well established. In one series of experiments, the load-extension curve has been determined for polyacrylonitrile fibers immersed into the respective liquids In another, hydroxy or amino compounds have been added to... 

As could be expected, the mechanical properties of a crazed polymer differ from those of the bulk polymer. A craze containing even 50% microcavities can still withstand loads because fibrils, which are oriented in the direction of the load, can bear stress. Some experiments with crazed polymers such as polycarbonate were carried out to get the stress-strain curves of the craze matter. To achieve this aim, the polymer samples were previously exposed to ethanol. The results are shown in Figure 14.24 where the cyclic stress-strain behavior of bulk polycarbonate is also illustrated (32). It can be seen that the modulus of the crazed polymer is similar to that of the bulk polymer, but yielding of the craze occurs at a relatively low stress and is followed by strain hardening. From the loading and unloading curves, larger hysteresis loops are obtained for the crazed polymer than for the bulk polymer. 

An example of the application of the technique is a study of the kinetics of the benzidine rearrangement, which follows the reduction of azobenzene in acidic aqueous ethanol [205]. The approach has been further developed and extended to encompass the automatic recording of three-dimensional i-E-t curves [206]. However, experiments of this kind may be hard to perform with high precision because of difficulties in the accurate control of the potential in the region close to E°. 

Procedure (b) The residue was nitrated as in procedure (a) and dissolved in 50% ethanol (10 ml). The ethanolic solution was heated on a water bath with 10% HC1 (2.5 ml) and zinc dust (0.1 g) for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The zinc residue was washed with water and the washings were added to the filtrate. 1% NaN02 (1 ml) was added, mixed and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. 2.5% solution of ammonium sulfamate (1 ml) was added, the mixture was shaked and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. 2.5% solution of ammonium sulfamate (1 ml) was added, the mixture was shaked and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. 1% N-l-naphthylethyl-enediamine dihydrochloride solution (1 ml) was added and diluted to 25 ml with water. The extinction of the produced color was measured after 30 minutes at 550 nm. The concentration was calculated by reference to a standard curve. Recovery experiments in both procedures indicated an accuracy of 1%. 

When comparing the TPR profiles with the light-off curves from the ethanol oxidation experiments, we have foimd an indication of a correlation between activity and reducibility of the catalyst. Copper oxide supported on titania is the most active towards ethanol oxidation among the copper oxides tested. It is also the catalyst in which the reduction starts at the lowest temperature. The results obtained in the TPR experiments strengthen the hypothesis that there is a considerable interaction between the support and the active material. 

Buffered Solutions with MnSOi, and Ethanol. A series of experiments at constant [HSO J], buffer and initial [O2] showed a first order dependence of the rate on concentration of manganous ion (Figure 4, curve A). 

Figure 4 shows the total conversion of ethanol as a function of temperature as measured by gas chromatography. Except for the silica catalysts, the platinum catalysts exhibit equal or lower light-ofif temperatures than the supported catalysts with palladium as active material (compare with Figure 7). The platinum on alumina and platinum on titania catalysts are more active than the other catalyst combinations. The conversion curves for the Pd and Pt on ceria catalysts practically coincide, which implies that ceria would be a more suitable support material for a palladium catalyst than for a platinum catalyst. The activities of the silica catalysts are low. This observation is consistent with recent results in another research project using the same type of silica sol (Zwinkels et al, 1994). According to these experiments, it is crucial to reduce the alkali content to a very low level in the support, since sodium increases the mobility of silica, which poisons the active platinum and palladium sites. Platinum is apparently more sensitive to this phenomenon than palladium.

In these experiments, oxidation of acetaldehyde with a gas phase concentration of 100 ppm was studied. Using the catalysts in this study, acetaldehyde is oxidized without any side reactions of importance. Only the HC-FID curves are shown, since the conversion curves for the continuous FID instrument and the gas chromatograph coincide. The light-off temperatures for acetaldehyde oxidation are higher than for ethanol oxidation. This means that if acetaldehyde is formed it is more difficult to eliminate than unbumed ethanol. 

The Pt catalysts are more active for acetaldehyde oxidation than the Pd catalysts (see Figures 10 and 11), especially when titania is used as support material. Below 300°C, Pt supported on Ti02 and AI2O3 has a higher activity than Pt supported on Ce02- Pd on alumina is more active than the other Pd catalysts. The silica catalysts exhibit the same plateau-shaped curves as for the ethanol oxidation experiments (see section 3.1). Compared with the ethanol oxidation experiments the difference is here that the Pt catalyst is slightly more active than Pd on silica. 

The correctness of the preceding interpretation of the slope discontinuities in the curves of yLv was supported by experiments on solutions of the following pure polar compounds which are not able to form micelles ethanol, 1-butanol, 1,4-dioxane, propylene carbonate, diacetone alcohol, dipropylene glycol, 2-butanone, and tetrahydrofuran. Surface tensions for these compounds agreed well with the available literature values [87]. None of these polar solutes form micelles in water and, as can be seen in Figures 15, B, and 16, B, no discontinuities in the slopes of the curves of cos 6 vs. y observed for either... 

Figure 10-17. Plasma-catalytic conversion degree of ethanol as a function of specific energy input. Curve 1 corresponds to an experiment with only thermal energy input point 2 corresponds to an experiment with the microwave discharge dashed lines correspond to the isothermal conditions.

A critical component of any FD or TD experiment should be collection of emission spectra. One possible artifact is illustrated in Hgure 5.11, whidi riiows the emission spectrum of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) in a solution which also scattered light 9,10-DR was dissdved in ethanol which contained a small amount of Ludox scat-teier. When the mnission was diserved without an emission filter (solid curve in Ingure 5.11), thm was a lai peak due to scattered light at the excitation wavelength of 325 nm. Tbe presence of this scattered component would not be recognized without measurmnent of the emission spectrum and would result in an incorrect intensity decay. 

Influence of solvent type on solids content I viscosity relationship. Usually the binder is made as a 60-75% wt solution in a water miscible solvent. A low viscosity in this stage facilitates preparation and handling of the binder. After neutralisation the binder is diluted with water to form a micellar solution which consequently is pigmented. Unlike solvent-borne binders, water soluble types peak or plateau in their viscosity upon dilution with water. Both solvent type and solids content of the original solution influence the viscosity curve obtained on solution of a certain binder (Figure 3.4). The results from various experiments indicate that solvents like NBA, BE and isopropoxy ethanol often result in the most desirable (flat) dilution curves. 

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