Experience carriers

In a typical experiment, carriers and chelating agent are added to a flask containing 100 mL of solgel scintillator. If necessary, up to 5% water by volume may be added to insure dissolution of the carrier salts. This "buffered scintillator" is then pipetted into the special cells, in the case of systems (i) and (ii), or for the commercial counter (iii), into glass vials, which meet the dimensional requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission standard (lEC, 1977). The aqueous sample, typically about 30 mg, is transferred gravimetrically to the cell and mixed with the scintillator (BIPM, 1975). It should be noted that these 30-mg aqueous samples contain only a few yg of carrier. Thus, the final emulsion will be carrier free unless additional carrier is added. 

The configuration of the sphingosine formed during incubations of serine-C and palmityl-SCoA with rat brain homogenates was determined by Fujino and Zabin (1962a,b). In these experiments, carrier eri/ Aro-sphingosine and carrier... 

There is another possible way to ensure a systematic use of the accumulated accident experiences within a company. Figure 15.10 shows the application of experience carriers as an intermediate link between the accident database and the end use. This involves improvements of safety in production systems in operation or in the design of new production systems. An experience carrier here expresses a company s collective experiences in a format that... 

Figure 15.10 Examples of experience carriers used to transfer experiences from an accident database to existing and new production systems.

In the design and construction of new production systems, technical specifications play an important role. They represent a company s collective experiences from their production systems in operation. The company s project organisation instructs machinery and equipment vendors and engineering contractors to comply with the requirements in the specifications. We have to interpret the experiences from individual accidents and near accidents and from analyses of accident concentrations and translate them into specific requirements for use in such specifications. It is recommended that group problem-solving techniques be applied in this process. Regulatory requirements and standards on safety are similar experience carriers at the national or branch-of-industry levels. We will come back to this issue in Chapter 27. 

A traditional means of implementing accident experiences in production systems in operation is to update the work instructions. These documents will successively accumulate accident experiences and become experience carriers for use in the training of new employees and in the follow-up of safe behaviour. Modifications of design are also a means of storing the accident experiences in the company s collective memory as long as the changes represent the company s best practice and are used in subsequent design work. 

If we want to use experience carriers in a systematic way in accident prevention, we first need to identify all experience carriers of significance to safety. Next, an owner has to be identified for each experience carrier and assigned the responsibility of implementing the new accident experiences. The methods for extraction of experiences from the accident database also have to be defined. 

In the formal transfer of experience, the experience carriers play an important role. They include Norskoil s technical specifications and experience checklists. The latter are less binding to the contractor. The experience carriers express operations experience in a language and format that is comprehensible to the design community. The process by which specific and detailed experience data are extracted, summarised and evaluated for implementation in the experience carriers is crucial. This does not come by itself. Rather, the... 

Input to experience carriers Work instructions Training programmes Risk analyses... 

Technical specifications as to design Other experience carriers... 

Experience carrier A document, database or piece of hardware that represents the company s collective experiences and governs its activities and decisions. 

Figure Bl.22.4. Differential IR absorption spectra from a metal-oxide silicon field-effect transistor (MOSFET) as a fiinction of gate voltage (or inversion layer density, n, which is the parameter reported in the figure). Clear peaks are seen in these spectra for the 0-1, 0-2 and 0-3 inter-electric-field subband transitions that develop for charge carriers when confined to a narrow (<100 A) region near the oxide-semiconductor interface. The inset shows a schematic representation of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) arrangement used in these experiments. These data provide an example of the use of ATR IR spectroscopy for the probing of electronic states in semiconductor surfaces [44]-...

A variable-size simplex optimization of a gas chromatographic separation using oven temperature and carrier gas flow rate as factors is described in this experiment. 

Several aspects affect the extent and character of taste and smell. People differ considerably in sensitivity and appreciation of smell and taste, and there is lack of a common language to describe smell and taste experiences. A hereditary or genetic factor may cause a variation between individual reactions, eg, phenylthiourea causes a bitter taste sensation which may not be perceptible to certain people whose general abiUty to distinguish other tastes is not noticeably impaired (17). The variation of pH in saUva, which acts as a buffer and the charge carrier for the depolarization of the taste cell, may influence the perception of acidity differently in people (15,18). Enzymes in saUva can cause rapid chemical changes in basic food ingredients, such as proteins and carbohydrates, with variable effects on the individual. 

CUO2 layers appear in all cuprate superconductors and appear to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for high temperature superconduction. The La2SrCu20g 2 compound has CUO2 layers but does not superconduct. Experiments also indicate that T is proportional to the carrier density in the CUO2 layer but not to the volume carrier density, which is further evidence that the YBa2Cu202 is a two-dimensional superconductor. 

An advantage of Hquid chromatography is that the composition of the mobile phase, and perhaps of the stationary phase, can be varied during the experiment to provide greater efficacy of the separation. There are many more combinations of mobile and stationary phases to effect a separation in Ic than one would have in a similar gas chromatographic experiment, where the gaseous mobile phase often serves as Httle more than a convenient carrier for the components of the sample. 

Another possibility of constructing a chiral membrane system is to prepare a solution of the chiral selector which is retained between two porous membranes, acting as an enantioselective liquid carrier for the transport of one of the enantiomers from the feed solution of the racemate to the receiving side (Fig. 1-5). This system is often referred to as membrane-assisted separation. The selector should not be soluble in the solvent used for the elution of the enantiomers, whose transport is driven by a gradient in concentration or pH between the feed and receiving phases. As a drawback common to all these systems, it should be mentioned that the transport of one enantiomer usually decreases when the enantiomer ratio in the permeate diminishes. Nevertheless, this can be overcome by designing a system where two opposite selectors are used to transport the two enantiomers of a racemic solution simultaneously, as it was already applied in W-tube experiments [171]. 

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