Experience and expectations

Typical attributes for evaluating food quality are safety, shelf life, color, taste, flavor, texture, health, and convenience. The level of a quality attribute is determined by levels of physical, microbial, physiological, chemical, and biochemical food processes, product composition, and applied technological conditions. For example, a combination of enzyme-degrading colorants, compositions and concentrations of pigments, and food structure properties contribute to a certain color level perceived by consumers. Depending on the match of expectation and experience, certain attributes will or will not be perceived as quality. ... 

Throughout this book I have stressed the importance of side effects in clinical trials of antidepressants. They can tip patients off to the fact that they have been given the real drug rather than a placebo, leading them to both expect and experience greater improvement than patients who have been given... 

The ethnie nationalism of Aceh, sustained by a strong memory of state and of resistance to the intrusion of outsiders, had come to terms with the state nationalism of Indonesia, sustained by post-revolutionary centralism built on anti-imperial rhetoric. As Michael Keating (2001 viii, 102-33) has argued persuasively, when communities come together with different nationalist expectations and experiences, providing for differential claims on the state can be the strategy most compatible with justice and democracy. Aceh has had a very different memory of state and tradition of nationalism than have most Indonesians. Its relationship to Indonesian state nationalism is clear but distinctive. 

A priori we expect, and experience has confirmed 6 53 that the most rapid convergence is obtained if the potential energy is expanded using curvilinear coordinates. However, this advantage is opposed by complications in deriving the kinetic energy. In this respect the rectilinear coordinates are superior. Hoy, Mills and Strey6 ... 

For many reasons, men experience fewer osteoporosis-related fractures than women. Men comprise only approximately 20% of aU persons with osteoporosis. This is likely attributable to men attaining a 20% to 40% higher peak BMD than women and losing BMD at a slower rate after the peak. Men s bones also have a mechanical advantage because the larger bone diameter makes them more fracture-resistant. Finally, men have a shorter life expectancy and experience fewer falls than women. Male osteoporosis remains an underrecognized problem. Although fewer men than women have osteoporosis, men still suffer up to 30% of all hip fractures and are more likely than women to die within 1 year after fracture. ... 

Many other observations based on Table 2.8 are consistent with expectation and experience. Allyl cation is substantially more stable than 1-propyl. Perhaps surprisingly, though, allyl is less stable than 2-propyl. In the gas phase, therefore, the 2°/1° distinction is more important than allylic resonance. Substituting just one end of the allyl with a methyl is enough to make the delocalized system more stable than the localized 2° systems. 

Human perception utilizes the advantages of both types of vision. Unless we intentionally scout objects in the far distance, the process usually involves the peripheral detection of objects and then the identification of these objects with foveal vision. One thing to note here is that the pre-selection as to which objects we should focus on with foveal vision is made subconsciously in the periphery. The decisive factors for this pre-selection process comprise the intensify of the stimulus (the more intensive the movement/brightness of the object, the more likely it is for us to focus on it), as well as the expectation and experience of the respective person. 

How do we consult with customers and stakeholders about the expectations and experiences of the services we offer ... 

The sensitivities of particular spectroscopic teclmiques to specific chemical features are described more fully in tire next section. Perhaps tire most common and versatile probes of reaction dynamics are time-resolved UV-vis absorjDtion and fluorescence measurements. Wlren molecules contain cliromophores which change tlieir stmcture directly or experience a change of environment during a reaction, changes in absorjDtion or fluorescence spectra can be expected and may be used to monitor tire reaction dynamics. Altliough absorjDtion measurements are less sensitive tlian fluorescence measurements, tliey are more versatile in tliat one need not rely on a substantial fluorescence yield for tire reactants, products or intennediates to be studied. 

Attempts have been made to devise mathematical functions to represent the distributions that are found experimentally. The mathematical treatment is necessarily based on the assumption that the number of particles in the sample is large enough for statistical considerations to be applicable. With the SOO-member sample of the previous section one could not expect any more than approximate agreement between mathematical prediction and experiment. 

At 270°C adipic acid decomposesf to the extent of 0.31 mol % after 1.5 hr. Suppose an initially equimolar mixture of adipic acid and diol achieves a value of p = 0.990 after 1.5 hr. Compare the expected and observed values of n in this experiment. Criticize or defend the following proposition The difference between the observed and expected values would be even greater than calculated above if, instead of the extent of reaction being measured analytically, the value of p expected (neglecting decomposition) after 1.5 hr were calculated by an appropriate kinetic equation. 

The chronology of the development of nuclear reactors can be divided into several principal periods pre-1939, before fission was discovered (12) 1939—1945, the time of World War II (13—15) 1945—1963, the era of research, development, and demonstration (16—18) 1963—mid-1990s, during which reactors have been deployed in large numbers throughout the world (10,18) and extending into the twenty-first century, a time when advanced power reactors are expected to be built (19—23). Design of nuclear reactors has been based on a combination of theory, measurement of basic and derived parameters, and experiments with complete systems (24—27). 

Diazo coupling is expected to occur only with highly reactive systems, and experiment bears this out. Diazonium ions couple with the anions of N-unsubstituted imidazoles at the 2-position (e.g. 125 yields 126) and with indazoles (127) in the 3-position. In general, other azoles react only when they contain an amino, hydroxyl, or potential hydroxyl group, e.g. the 4-hydroxypyrazole (128), the triazolinone (129) and the thiazolidinedione (130) (all these reactions occur on the corresponding anions). 

Centrifugal pumps are made up of several components and are expected to cope in a multitude of environments, some quite hostile, fin understanding of houi they luorh, uihy they tuorh, luhy and houi they go turong and luhat to da about It can only come from a mix of theory and experience, hut the theory needs to be presented in a form which Is absorbable and Interesting if it is to he retained... 

But, there is no need to rely on hugonium. The theory and practice of the deformation of solids under other, less intense, loadings are well developed and show that the fluidlike flow of shock deformation is the expected consequence of the motion of defects in response to applied shear stresses that exceed the shear strength of solids. In most shock loadings, the shear stresses are well in excess of that shear strength and there is certainly ample theory and experiment to qualitatively identify overall features of the defect genera-... 

Theory predicts and experiment establishes 2/1 as the intensity ratio of Kal/Ka2 for sulfur. Where 3 lines appear in a spectrum, in Figure 1-19, the presumption is that more than one kind of sulfur atom is present, and that an intensity ratio exceeding 2 results because certain lines coincide. The observed intensities in Figure 1-19 are those to be expected on the basis of this presumption, 2 being the known value of K l/K 2 for every kind of sulfur atom. 

While thin polymer films may be very smooth and homogeneous, the chain conformation may be largely distorted due to the influence of the interfaces. Since the size of the polymer molecules is comparable to the film thickness those effects may play a significant role with ultra-thin polymer films. Several recent theoretical treatments are available [136-144,127,128] based on Monte Carlo [137-141,127, 128], molecular dynamics [142], variable density [143], cooperative motion [144], and bond fluctuation [136] model calculations. The distortion of the chain conformation near the interface, the segment orientation distribution, end distribution etc. are calculated as a function of film thickness and distance from the surface. In the limit of two-dimensional systems chains segregate and specific power laws are predicted [136, 137]. In 2D-blends of polymers a particular microdomain morphology may be expected [139]. Experiments on polymers in this area are presently, however, not available on a molecular level. Indications of order on an... 

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