Fluctuating bonds

Fig. 7. Fluctuating bond model for a three-functional SAW star on a squared lattice...

Gaydon (1.), Rosen (2) and Huber and Herzberg (3) reference the analysis by Barrow (4) for values of the dissociation energy of All(g). Barrow (4) reports 364.0 kJ mol" from an analysis of fluctuation bonds In the All spectrum. Martin and Barrow... 

As a matter of fact, there are systems that cannot be easily characterized in terms of localized molecular orbitals, and thus not easily understood using localized bonds. An extreme example is provided by the fluxional behavior of CHs", where quantum-mechanical fluctuations induce delocalization phenomena and thus fluctuating bonds [16-20]. 

Summary YbPdSb is magnetically unstable. The [xSR data on a sample that does not develop long-range AFM order show that the material enters a spin-liquid state instead. This state is characterized by dynamic short-range correlations whose fluctuation rate becomes temperature independent below 0.3 K at the comparatively low value of 60 MHz. Probably one deals with quantum fluctuations that are interpreted here as local moment fluctuations induced by the dynamics of fluctuating bonds of Kondo spin pairs. 

The polymer concentration in the adsorption layer is greater than in solution. The macromolecules in the adsorption layer are situated close to each other even if adsorption occurs from dilute solutions. The chains of macromolecules overlap, forming the network that is continually fluctuating. Bonds between two chains form and are destroyed continually. The number of chains between two bonds and the distance between them, e, termed the screening of correlation length, depend on the polymer concentration and chemical potential of chain [49]. The dependence between e and the polymer concentration in solution can be described by... 

Figure 2.1 Model of a sheet in its initial configuration where nearest-neighbor particles are bonded with fluctuating bond length. Size of the sheet 16 (particles are represented byspheres) ( a 128 lattice. (From Ref [40].)...

The shielding at a given nucleus arises from the virtually instantaneous response of the nearby electrons to the magnetic field. It therefore fluctuates rapidly as the molecule rotates, vibrates and interacts with solvent molecules. The changes of shift widi rotation can be large, particularly when double bonds are present. For... 

Carmesin I and Kremer K 1988 The bond fluctuation method—a new effective algorithm for the dynamics of polymers in all spatial dimensions Macromolecules 21 2819... 

The probability of finding a nucleic acid unit in the certain conformation according to our results is never equal to the unit. It agrees with the idea that NAs are not static but fluctuating, breathing , objects [23]. For example, in RNA molecule with 10 base pairs at the room temperature about 510 base pairs do not take part in the stacking and are not connected with H -bonds [2]. 

Fig. 8.8 The bond fluctuation model. In this example three bcmds in the polymer arc incorporated into a singk effecti bond between effective moncmers . (Figure adapted from Baschnagel J, K Binder, W Paul, M Laso, U Sutcr, I Batouli [N ]ilge and T Burger 1991. On the Construction of Coarse-Grained Models for Linear Flexible Polymer-Chains -Distribution-Functions for Groups of Consecutive Monomers. Journal of Chemical Physics 93 6014-6025.)...

The most intriguing hydrocarbon of this molecular formula is named buUvalene, which is found in the mixture of products of the reaction given above. G. SchrOder (1963, 1964, 1967) synthesized it by a thermal dimerization presumably via diradicais of cyciooctatetraene and the photolytical cleavage of a benzene molecule from this dimer. The carbon-carbon bonds of buUvalene fluctuate extremely fast by thermal Cope rearrangements. 101/3 = 1,209,6(X) different combinations of the carbon atoms are possible. 

Explosion-bonded metals are produced by several manufacturers in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The chemical industry is the principal consumer of explosion-bonded metals which are used in the constmction of clad reaction vessels and heat-exchanger tube sheets for corrosion-resistant service. The primary market segments for explosion-bonded metals are for corrosion-resistant pressure vessels, tube sheets for heat exchangers, electrical transition joints, and stmctural transition joints. Total world markets for explosion-clad metals are estimated to fluctuate between 30 x 10 to 60 x 10 annually. 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

The fundamental principle of Hquid disiategration Hes ia the balance between dismptive and cohesive forces. The common dismptive forces ia atomizer systems iaclude kinetic energy, turbulent fluctuation, pressure fluctuation, iaterface shearing, friction, and gravity. The cohesive forces within the Hquid are molecular bonding, viscosity, and surface tension. 

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